Unit 3 AP Bio Exam

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Across
  1. 1. Anaerobic ATP-forming pathway. Pyruvate from glycolysis is degraded to acetaldehyde, which accepts electrons from NADH (acetaldehyde is reduced/becomes more electronegative) to form ethanol; NAD+ needed for the reactions is regenerated.
  2. 5. A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
  3. 8. In a reaction center complex, the molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced
  4. 10. A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
  5. 12. A.K.A the Krebs Cycle. A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion. For each turn of this cycle, 2 CO2 released, 1ATP formed (substrate level phosphorylation via GTP intermediate, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced; NADH and FADH2 transports e-'s to electron transport chain.
  6. 13. Organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
  7. 15. Type of reaction that absorbs free energy from surroundings; because energy is stored in molecules, Gibbs free energy is positive; the reaction is non-spontaneous
  8. 19. The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
  9. 20. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
  10. 22. A reduced form of NADP+; a source of electrons as "reducing power" that can be passed along to an electron receptor, thereby reducing it. It provides electrons for photosynthesis
  11. 24. Heat energy
  12. 25. The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
  13. 26. The energy of motion
  14. 27. Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
  15. 30. A reduced form of NAD+. An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.
  16. 31. Protein substances that speed up chemical reactions
  17. 35. The total process of ATP production including the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
  18. 38. Anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP (makes a total of 4 ATP) and 2 NADH are produced
  19. 40. Protein structure in cell mitochondria that uses energy from H+ ions to convert ADP to ATP by adding a phosphate group
  20. 42. A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
  21. 44. Self-feeder; pertaining to the ability of an organism to produce its own nutrients from inorganic sources obtained from the environment
  22. 47. Pyruvate from glycolysis is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate/lactic acid and NAD+ as an end product
  23. 49. Series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which high-energy electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released
Down
  1. 2. The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds
  2. 3. Fuid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
  3. 4. A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate
  4. 6. A metabolic pathway that requires energy to build a complex molecule from simpler compounds
  5. 7. Respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.
  6. 9. The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm
  7. 11. A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics
  8. 14. Energy available to do work
  9. 16. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain or oxygen and that produces ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
  10. 17. The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site
  11. 18. A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction
  12. 21. Energy needed to get a reaction started
  13. 23. A discrete quantity (quantum) of light energy that behaves like it is a particle
  14. 27. Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence or absence of oxygen
  15. 28. Second stage of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to make sugars
  16. 29. Flattened membrane sacs inside the chloroplast (inner membrane), used to convert light energy to chemical energy.
  17. 32. Reactions that release energy (spontaneous reaction; neg. delta G)
  18. 33. The stored energy that matter possesses as a result of its position or internal structure
  19. 34. Induced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate
  20. 36. The ability to do work
  21. 37. The combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials
  22. 39. Phase of photosynthesis where energy form light dependent reactions is used to produced glucose and additional ATP molecules; Solar energy is converted to chemical energy
  23. 41. Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen, sugars and starches
  24. 43. A chemical reaction that involves the loss of an electron. Oxidation often involves the addition of oxygen and the loss of hydrogen ions
  25. 45. The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction (the charge of the substance becomes more negative)
  26. 46. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism
  27. 48. (Adenosine Triphosphate) Main energy source that cells use for most of their work