Unit 3 Exam 1

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Across
  1. 2. A writing system that uses symbols for entire words or ideas instead of sounds.
  2. 5. Nouns that are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter, with adjectives or articles that must agree with the noun’s gender.
  3. 6. A simplified mix of languages created for basic communication between groups, with limited grammar and vocabulary and no native speakers.
  4. 7. A language legally recognized by a government for use in laws, documents, and public communication.
  5. 8. When a language changes slowly over time, keeping older grammar, words, or pronunciation.
  6. 9. A group of languages that come from a common ancestor called a proto-language that often share similar grammar, sounds, or vocabulary.
  7. 11. A common language used by people with different native languages to communicate in trade, travel, or diplomacy
  8. 14. The process of cultural blending that happens when people come into contact with another culture, often adopting some parts of it while keeping parts of their own.
  9. 17. A writing system that uses letters to represent individual sounds or phonemes.
  10. 19. A branch of the Afro-Asiatic family that share similar grammar, three-letter root patterns, and vocabulary related to religion, farming, and trade.
  11. 20. A line on a map showing where a particular language feature, such as a pronunciation or word, changes.
  12. 21. The way words are pronounced, often showing where a person is from or what language they learned first, without changing grammar or vocabulary.
  13. 22. Changes in a noun’s ending to mark its role in a sentence, such as showing who is doing an action, who receives it, or what something belongs to.
  14. 23. Languages that developed from Proto-Slavic and share similar grammar, vocabulary, and use of cases to show word roles.
Down
  1. 1. A full language that develops from a pidgin when it becomes the native language of a community and gains full grammar and vocabulary.
  2. 3. Languages that developed from Vulgar Latin, the everyday Latin spoken in the Roman Empire, sharing features such as gendered nouns, verb conjugations, and subject-verb agreement.
  3. 4. When the verb matches the subject in person and number, showing who is doing the action and whether it is singular or plural.
  4. 10. A process in speech where a sound becomes more like a nearby sound, making pronunciation easier.
  5. 12. Languages that descended from Proto-Germanic and share similar word order, vocabulary, and grammar, often using strong verbs.
  6. 13. A type of alphabet that mostly writes consonants, with vowels implied or optional.
  7. 15. A language that has no known relatives or descendants and does not belong to any language family.
  8. 16. A regional variety of a language with its own pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar that is still understandable to speakers of the same language.
  9. 18. A large language family that includes many modern languages, all descending from Proto-Indo-European, which was first spoken in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe.
  10. 19. A writing system that uses symbols for syllables, representing combinations of sounds rather than single letters.