Unit 3: Sensation and Perception

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Across
  1. 3. a binocular cue for perceiving depth; closer = more
  2. 5. the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
  3. 6. the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red and vice versa
  4. 10. perceiving familiar objects as having constant color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
  5. 12. the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states in cognitive preferences and judgements
  6. 13. a tone's experienced highness or lowness;depends on frequency
  7. 14. the ability to adjust to change sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
  8. 17. the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  9. 18. the innermost part of the ear;containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
  10. 21. the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
  11. 22. the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
  12. 25. the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceieve as brightness or loudness. Intensity determined by the wave's amplitude
  13. 29. the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  14. 30. as an organized whole. Emphasize the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
  15. 31. information processing that is guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences
  16. 34. the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects on the retina
  17. 35. the adjustable opening in the enter of the eye which light enters
  18. 36. the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
  19. 37. the sense of smell
  20. 38. the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
  21. 39. a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
  22. 41. conversion of one form of energy into another. in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds, and smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret
  23. 45. in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
  24. 46. our movement sense- our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts
  25. 48. (ESP) the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
  26. 50. the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
  27. 52. the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containg three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
  28. 54. the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
  29. 55. the eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris
  30. 56. a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
  31. 58. diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
  32. 59. an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick sucession
  33. 60. theory that the retina contains three types of color receptors - one most senstivie to red, green, and blue - which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
  34. 62. sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
  35. 63. hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss is also called nerve deafness
  36. 64. a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  37. 65. failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness
  38. 66. ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Down
  1. 1. a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
  2. 2. the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened b the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
  3. 4. in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerves matches the frequency of a tone allowing for sensing of the pitch
  4. 7. the study of relationships between the physical characteristic of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
  5. 8. the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
  6. 9. analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
  7. 11. a coiled bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
  8. 15. a depth cue, like interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
  9. 16. failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
  10. 19. the point at which the optic nerves leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because there is no receptor cells are located there
  11. 20. processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. including vision
  12. 23. sense our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
  13. 24. the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows for judgment of distance
  14. 26. the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
  15. 27. a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness
  16. 28. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference
  17. 32. the process of organizing and interpreting Sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  18. 33. the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
  19. 40. perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
  20. 42. a device for converting sounds into elctrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
  21. 43. the focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus
  22. 44. retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions, Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
  23. 47. nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, like shape, angle, or movement
  24. 49. the organization of visual field into objects (the figures) from their surroundings (their ground)
  25. 51. the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
  26. 53. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey, and are sensitive to movement, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
  27. 57. below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
  28. 61. the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; color names blue, green, etc