Unit 3 Sensation and perception

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Across
  1. 2. the organization of the visual field into objects(the figures) that stand out from their surrounding(the ground)
  2. 4. the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.
  3. 5. The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
  4. 8. thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.
  5. 10. The eye's clear, protective of the outer layer, covering the pupil and iris.
  6. 12. the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
  7. 14. an organized whole, Gestalt psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
  8. 18. the theory that opposing retinal processes( red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
  9. 21. The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height).
  10. 23. The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
  11. 25. the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference(or jnd).
  12. 28. below on's the absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
  13. 29. the sense of smell
  14. 32. the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
  15. 37. The process by which the eye's lens changes
  16. 38. a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses.
  17. 39. hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness.
  18. 40. a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
  19. 41. The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  20. 47. analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
  21. 53. the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.
  22. 54. The transparent structure behind the pupil changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
  23. 60. the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
  24. 62. a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.
  25. 63. failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
  26. 64. our movement sense-our system foe sensing the position and movement of individual body art
  27. 66. diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
  28. 69. a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
  29. 70. the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.
  30. 71. information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience ad expectation
  31. 72. perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size)even as illumination and retinal images change.
Down
  1. 1. the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.
  2. 3. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.
  3. 6. to focus near or far objects on the retina.
  4. 7. A theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus(signal) amid background stimulation(noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
  5. 9. the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
  6. 10. retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
  7. 11. in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Also called temporal theory.)
  8. 13. the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.
  9. 15. is the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, nor to blue-which when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
  10. 16. the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
  11. 17. the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.
  12. 19. an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
  13. 20. processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including version.
  14. 22. the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
  15. 24. a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
  16. 26. sensory nerve ending that respond to stimuli
  17. 27. a depth cue, such as interposition or linear
  18. 30. conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
  19. 31. a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes.
  20. 33. The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
  21. 34. The activation, often unconsciously, of certain
  22. 35. available to either eye alone.
  23. 36. in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.
  24. 42. failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness.
  25. 43. in a given time (for example, per second).
  26. 44. a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.
  27. 45. The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.
  28. 46. a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.
  29. 48. perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.
  30. 49. our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
  31. 50. the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
  32. 51. the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.
  33. 52. the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
  34. 55. nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, and angle or movement.
  35. 56. the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.
  36. 57. a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By
  37. 58. retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance--the greater the disparity(difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
  38. 59. the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there.
  39. 61. The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.
  40. 65. the number of complete wavelengths that pass a
  41. 67. the sense or act of hearing.
  42. 68. The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.