Unit 3 Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 5. A group of territories in central Europe that developed during the early Middle Ages and lasted until 1806. It was created as a revival of the ancient Roman Empire but was more decentralized, ruled by an emperor.
  2. 7. A long period of battles in medieval Spain and Portugal, where Christian kingdoms fought to reclaim land from Muslim rulers, lasting from the 8th to the 15th century.
  3. 8. A member of the lower class in medieval society, peasants worked the land owned by lords. They had few rights but were free compared to serfs.
  4. 12. A social and political system in medieval Europe, where land was exchanged for loyalty and service. Lords gave land to vassals in return for military service, and peasants worked the land for protection and a place to live.
  5. 14. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, regarded by Catholics as the spiritual representative of Christ on Earth. During the Middle Ages, the Pope held significant religious and political power.
  6. 15. A noble who owned land and had authority over vassals and peasants. The lord provided protection and land in exchange for loyalty and service.
Down
  1. 1. The economic system of the Middle Ages in Europe, where large estates called manors were owned by lords and worked by peasants. The manor was the center of life, providing food, shelter, and protection.
  2. 2. A region in the Middle East, especially around Jerusalem, considered sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. It was the main target of the Crusades.
  3. 3. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the western half in AD 476. Its capital was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), and it remained a major power during much of the Middle Ages.
  4. 4. A powerful Germanic tribe that established a kingdom in modern-day France and parts of Germany during the early Middle Ages. They were instrumental in shaping medieval European history, especially under leaders like Charlemagne.
  5. 6. The overall social, political, and economic system of medieval Europe, based on the exchange of land for loyalty and service. It created a hierarchy with kings at the top, followed by nobles, knights, and peasants.
  6. 9. A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims during the Middle Ages, aimed at gaining control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem and surrounding areas).
  7. 10. A person who pledged loyalty to a lord in exchange for land and protection. Vassals were often knights who served the lord militarily.
  8. 11. A term used to describe the Middle Ages, the period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, roughly from AD 500 to 1500.
  9. 13. A type of peasant who was tied to the land they worked on and couldn't leave without the lord's permission. Serfs were not slaves but had very limited freedoms.