Unit 3 Vocabulary Review

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Across
  1. 4. The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.
  2. 8. An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
  3. 10. The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes.
  4. 14. The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
  5. 15. The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process.
  6. 17. A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.
  7. 18. A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
  8. 19. A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP syntheses are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
  9. 20. A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules.
Down
  1. 1. A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
  2. 2. A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules.
  3. 3. A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy.
  4. 5. Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.
  5. 6. In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
  6. 7. A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
  7. 9. A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths.
  8. 11. A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
  9. 12. The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
  10. 13. Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide.
  11. 16. The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.