Unit 5: Early Civilizations Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 3. A series of rulers from the same family
  2. 5. Related to agriculture and farming; many ancient societies were agrarian, relying on crops and domesticated animals.
  3. 9. A political system where a king or queen holds centralized power, such as Mesopotamian city-states or Chinese dynasties.
  4. 13. The scattering of people from their homeland, such as the Jewish diaspora following the Babylonian exile.
  5. 17. The ancient language of India used in religious and literary texts.
  6. 18. The departure of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt, led by Moses.
  7. 20. An upright stone slab or pillar inscribed with text or carvings, used for commemorations, such as Hammurabi's Code.
  8. 21. The wedge-shaped writing system of ancient Mesopotamia.
  9. 23. A triangular area of fertile land at the mouth of a river, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, which supported agriculture and settlement.
  10. 24. Bones Animal bones or shells used in ancient China to communicate with deities or ancestors.
  11. 26. of Heaven The belief that Chinese rulers had the divine right to rule, but could lose it through misrule.
  12. 31. A form of government where rulers are seen as divine or rule in the name of a god, such as pharaohs in ancient Egypt.
  13. 32. The title for ancient Egyptian monarchs, considered divine.
  14. 38. The writing system of ancient Egypt using pictorial symbols.
  15. 40. The preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping in cloth, practiced in Egypt.
  16. 41. A long narrative poem about heroes and gods, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia.
  17. 42. The exchange of goods, services, or resources between people or regions.
  18. 43. A massive, terraced pyramid used as a temple in Mesopotamian cities.
Down
  1. 1. A belief system where shamans act as intermediaries between the spiritual and physical worlds, found in various early societies.
  2. 2. Cycle The pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties in China.
  3. 4. The holy book of Judaism, containing the first five books of the Hebrew Bible.
  4. 6. Ancient Hindu scriptures composed in Sanskrit.
  5. 7. The belief in many gods, common in most ancient societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India.
  6. 8. Monumental structures in Egypt built as tombs for pharaohs, reflecting their religious and political significance.
  7. 10. Symbolism A significant religious theme in Olmec culture.
  8. 11. A sacred agreement, such as that between Abraham and Yahweh.
  9. 12. System The rigid social structure in ancient India, rooted in Hindu beliefs.
  10. 14. Worship The Chinese practice of honoring ancestors through rituals.
  11. 15. Commandments A set of laws given to Moses, forming the ethical basis of Judaism.
  12. 16. A method of supplying water to land or crops to aid growth.
  13. 19. Tools, systems, or methods used to solve problems or improve society.
  14. 21. of Hammurabi One of the earliest written legal codes, created by Babylonian King Hammurabi.
  15. 22. A plant-based material used by Egyptians for writing.
  16. 25. Heads Massive stone sculptures created by the Olmecs, believed to represent rulers or deities.
  17. 27. The belief in one god, as seen in the religion of the ancient Hebrews.
  18. 28. A group of people whose migrations spread languages, iron-working, and agricultural techniques throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
  19. 29. Seasonal winds in South Asia that brought heavy rains essential for agriculture, particularly in India.
  20. 30. Related to the sea; refers to societies that engaged in sea-based trade and navigation, such as early Indian Ocean trade.
  21. 33. A stone coffin, often elaborately decorated, used to house the mummified remains of Egyptian elites.
  22. 34. A person trained to write and record information, essential in societies like Egypt and Mesopotamia for administration and religion.
  23. 35. Crescent A crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, including Mesopotamia, known for its rich soils and the birthplace of early civilizations.
  24. 36. Road Trade routes connecting China to other civilizations, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
  25. 37. A political unit consisting of an independent city and the surrounding land it controls.
  26. 39. A social system where men hold primary authority in society, government, and families, seen in most ancient civilizations.