Unit 5 Key Terms

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Across
  1. 3. King of France and embodiment of an absolute monarch who famously asserted “I am the state”; Built a grand palace at Versailles that served as a symbol of his unchecked royal authority over France
  2. 4. Absolute ruler of Spain and primary rival of Elizabeth I - he used his position to militantly defend Catholicism; Marked the height of the Spanish empire and the beginning of its decline among European powers
  3. 5. German/prussian king; He was highly inspired by Enlightenment philosophy and worked to provide a better life for peasants and better religious tolerance in his country
  4. 8. French phrase that essentially means to “leave it alone”; When applied to economics - the belief that economies will function best when interference from the government is limited
  5. 11. Major French philosopher, writer, and activist who was an outspoken critic of the Church and French government; Emphasized the importance of Freedom of speech, religion, and the separation of church and state
  6. 13. English philosopher who believed that people were born evil and required a strong and absolute leader to which everyone must submit; He thought the role of government was to keep mankind out of the wild and brutal world that we would naturally create on our own
  7. 14. term often used interchangeably with capitalism and market economies; An economy where buyers and sellers answer essential economic questions such as what should be produced, how it should be produced and who should have access to it
  8. 18. French philosopher and creator of the 1751 Encyclopedia; His compilation of the work of enlightenment scholars helped spread the ideas across Europe
  9. 20. Means “blank slate”; Concept used to support the idea that people are born innocent and become what society makes them to be rather than having an essential “human nature” that defines our actions
  10. 22. Extremely ornate style which commonly uses soft colors, curvy lines and scenes from nature; Common in the architecture and decor of palaces used by absolute monarchs which were designed to emphasize the wealth and power of Europeans elites
  11. 23. Rule of one in which a leader has total power and individual liberties are usually severely limited if present at all; Oftentimes supported by the claims of divine right
Down
  1. 1. Enlightenment economist; Advocated for laissez faire economics and leaving a nation’s economy to be regulated by natural law
  2. 2. Ruled absolutely, but with the interests of their people in mind and with new ideas about how best to govern; Included Catherine and Frederick among others who claimed power not by divine right, but by the social contract
  3. 6. French term for important thinkers, writers, artists, and politicians that debated and developed enlightenment ideas; Many inspired the foundation for US government, social structure, and economy while driving revolution in their own countries
  4. 7. Absolute monarch that worked to Westernize Russia; Is largely credited with transforming Russia into a major European power by reforming its economy, culture, and trade relationships with the help of experts recruited from other countries
  5. 9. Czarina of Russia who was a frequent pen pal of Voltaire with whom she exchanged enlightenment ideas; Her rule marked an increase in access to education, significant patronage of the arts and substantial expansion of territory
  6. 10. Agreement between the people and the government; The people give up some of their rights/power in exchange for protection of their remaining rights
  7. 12. French philosopher known for his ideas on separation of powers; He argued that the appropriate government would take into account the size of the country
  8. 15. Italian philosopher and criminologist who argued against cruel and unusual punishments; He outlined much of what would become due process of law in the United States
  9. 16. Granted to human beings not by any law, custom or government; Included, according to John Locke, life, liberty and property
  10. 17. Swiss political philosopher; He argued for direct democracy, abolishment of nobility, and argued that all were equal
  11. 18. Religious philosophy of many of the framers of the US government and Enlightenment philosophers; God created the universe and left it to run without interference
  12. 19. Gatherings common in Paris during the Enlightenment period that were often hosted by women; People of different classes could come together to discuss ideas on government, art and society
  13. 21. English philosopher who believed that people were born neither good nor evil; He believed that people were born with certain inalienable rights that could never be taken away by the government because they were granted by God