Unit 5 Review:

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Across
  1. 2. A proposal to reform the Electoral College by awarding all of a state's electoral votes to the winner of the national popular vote, regardless of the outcome within the state.
  2. 9. Fourth The constitutional amendment ratified in 1964, which prohibits the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in federal elections.
  3. 12. The body of electors chosen by the states to formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States, with each state's number of electors based on its representation in Congress.
  4. 14. Interest groups that focus exclusively on advocating for a particular policy or cause, often mobilizing around a single issue or narrow set of issues.
  5. 18. An electoral system in which the candidate or party that receives the most votes wins all of the representation or seats, while the runner up receives nothing.
  6. 20. Professionals who provide strategic advice and services to political candidates, parties, or organizations, including campaign management, media relations, polling, and fundraising.
  7. 24. The raising and spending of money for political campaigns, including contributions from individuals, political action committees (PACs), and other organizations.
  8. 26. The role of the media in deciding which information and events are newsworthy and deserving of coverage, influencing public perceptions and agendas.
  9. 27. _________ News Sites: Websites, blogs, or online platforms that provide news and commentary from a specific partisan perspective, often catering to audiences with particular ideological or political affiliations.
  10. 28. Federal legislation passed in 2002 aimed at reforming campaign finance laws, including restrictions on the use of soft money, regulation of political advertising, and disclosure requirements for campaign contributions.
  11. 29. Periods of significant change in the political landscape, characterized by shifts in party coalitions, voter alignments, and dominant issues, leading to a new political order.
  12. 32. A system in which eligible citizens are legally required to vote in elections, often enforced through penalties or fines for non compliance.
  13. 34. The constitutional amendment ratified in 1913, which established the direct election of United States senators by popular vote, instead of by state legislatures.
  14. 35. Online platforms and technologies that enable users to create, share, and interact with content, fostering communication, networking, and information dissemination in political campaigns and activism.
  15. 36. Campaign contributions made to political parties or organizations for purposes other than directly supporting specific candidates, often used for activities such as voter mobilization or issue advocacy.
  16. 37. _______ Institutions (such as political parties, interest groups, and the media) that connect citizens with the government and facilitate the exchange of information, opinions, and preferences.
  17. 39. Associations of individuals within a particular profession or field, typically organized to promote professional development, networking, and advocacy on behalf of members' interests.
  18. 40. A meeting or gathering of members of a political party or community to select candidates, make policy decisions, or discuss political issues, often involving debate and voting. Often occurs in Iowa in place of traditional primaries.
  19. 41. The percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election, often used as a measure of civic engagement and political participation.
  20. 43. ________ Platforms: Formal statements of a political party's principles, policies, and positions on various issues, typically outlined during national party conventions.
  21. 46. An electoral system in which the distribution of legislative seats is determined in proportion to the number of votes received by political parties or candidates.
  22. 47. ______________ v. FEC (2010) was a Supreme Court case that granted corporations and unions the right to spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns, citing protections under the First Amendment. This decision overturned previous campaign finance laws, leading to the proliferation of Super PACs and increasing concerns about the influence of money in politics.
  23. 48. Elections held in the United States every four years to elect the President and Vice President of the United States.
  24. 50. The process by which eligible individuals formally enroll to vote in elections, typically administered by government agencies or election officials.
  25. 51. The constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibits the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
  26. 52. Organizations that raise and spend money to elect or defeat political candidates
  27. 53. Networks of individuals and organizations, including policymakers, interest groups, and experts, who collaborate to influence the government's agenda and decision making on specific policy issues.
  28. 54. The _______ Rights Act of 1965: Landmark legislation passed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the Fifteenth Amendment.
  29. 55. The belief that one's political participation and actions can influence government and bring about desired outcomes.
Down
  1. 1. Elections held in the United States every two years for members of Congress, including all members of the House of Representatives and one third of the Senate.
  2. 2. The constitutional amendment ratified in 1920, which granted women the right to vote, guaranteeing suffrage regardless of gender.
  3. 3. Voting: A theory in political science where voters evaluate incumbents based on their past performance, particularly on issues such as the economy or national security, and cast their votes accordingly.
  4. 4. _______ ________ Voting: A theory in political science that suggests individuals vote based on their self interest, weighing the costs and benefits of various options before making a decision.
  5. 5. Systematic tendencies or preferences in media coverage that favor certain individuals, groups, or viewpoints over others, often reflecting the political leanings or interests of media organizations or journalists.
  6. 6. The tendency of individuals to benefit from the collective efforts or resources of a group without contributing their fair share, leading to under provision of public goods or services.
  7. 7. __________ ______Voting: The practice of voting consistently for candidates of the same political party regardless of their individual qualifications or characteristics.
  8. 8. Sixth The constitutional amendment ratified in 1971, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, granting 18 year olds the right to vote in federal elections.
  9. 10. A type of primary in which oters may choose to participate in any party's primary regardless of their affiliation.
  10. 11. Which Age Group tends to vote most often? (Youth, Middle Age, Elderly)
  11. 13. A style of political reporting that focuses on the competitive aspects of elections, such as polling data, campaign strategies, and candidate performance, rather than substantive policy issues.
  12. 15. A term used to describe the informal alliance between bureaucratic agencies, congressional committees, and interest groups that work together to shape public policy in their favor.
  13. 16. Organized groups of individuals with similar political aims and goals, seeking to influence public policy by gaining control of government offices through elections.
  14. 17. _____________ Voting: A theory in political science where voters base their decision on which candidate or party they believe will best address future issues or challenges.
  15. 19. _____________ Oriented Programming: Television, radio, or online programming that presents news, analysis, or commentary from a specific ideological or partisan perspective, shaping viewers' perceptions and attitudes toward political issues and events.
  16. 21. Independent expenditure-only committees that can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to support or oppose candidates, as long as they do not coordinate with the candidate or campaign.
  17. 22. The process by which the federal government formulates, approves, and executes its budget, including revenue generation, spending priorities, and appropriations.
  18. 23. ___________ ______________Campaigns: Political campaigns that focus heavily on the personal qualities, characteristics, and messages of individual candidates rather than broader party platforms or ideologies.
  19. 25. Elections characterized by significant shifts in party coalitions, voter alignments, and political power, often marking the beginning of a new political era or realignment.
  20. 30. Movements characterized by collective action, demonstrations, rallies, or other forms of protest aimed at expressing dissent, challenging authority, or advocating for specific reforms.
  21. 31. Elections in which registered party members vote directly for their party's nominees for elective office, as opposed to the nomination process being controlled by party leaders or delegates.
  22. 33. The advantage held by incumbent officeholders, including name recognition, fundraising ability, access to resources, and a record of past accomplishments, which often makes them more likely to win reelection.
  23. 34. A provision of campaign finance laws requiring candidates to appear in their own campaign advertisements and declare that they approve the message.
  24. 38. Large gatherings of party delegates, activists, and supporters held to officially nominate candidates for office, adopt party platforms, and conduct other party business.
  25. 42. A type of primary in which voters may or may not be required to declare a party affiliation before voting
  26. 44. The raising and spending of money for political campaigns, including contributions from individuals, political action committees (PACs), and other organizations.
  27. 45. Movements organized around a set of ideological principles or social values, seeking to bring about broad social, political, or cultural change.
  28. 49. The decision made by an individual voter regarding which candidate or party to support in an election.