Unit 7 + 8 Vocab

Across

1. - A Union general who later became the commanding general of the U.S. Army and led the Union to victory in the Civil War.
10. - A Confederate general known for his military leadership and commanding the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.
12. - The 16th President of the United States, known for his leadership during the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, and the preservation of the Union.
13. - A more stringent Reconstruction plan proposed by Congress, requiring a majority of white males in the South to take a loyalty oath before readmission to the Union.
16. - A faction of the Republican Party during Reconstruction that advocated for civil rights for freedmen, harsher treatment of the South, and full political equality.
18. - A Confederate general known for his tactical brilliance and leadership, serving under Robert E. Lee in many battles.
28. - Legislation passed during the Civil War that authorized a draft for the Union Army, leading to the conscription of men for military service.
29. - A political agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election by awarding the presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.
32. - Military campaigns in the Western Theater of the Civil War aimed at controlling a vital river and dividing the Confederacy.
34. - A white supremacist terrorist organization founded in the Reconstruction era to intimidate and oppress African Americans and their allies.
35. - A Confederate cavalry general known for his daring tactics and reconnaissance missions during the Civil War.
36. - A nurse and founder of the American Red Cross, known for her humanitarian efforts during the Civil War and beyond.
38. - A federal agency established to aid newly freed African Americans in the South by providing food, clothing, education, and legal assistance.
39. - A pivotal presidential election that led to the victory of Abraham Lincoln, sparking secession by Southern states and eventually the Civil War.
40. - A law that offered 160 acres of free land in the western United States to any applicant who agreed to settle and improve the land.
41. - The 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing segregation laws and practices.

Down

2. - Southern Democrats who sought to take back the South from Reconstruction governments and restore white supremacy and conservative control.
3. - The President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, leading the seceded Southern states against the Union.
4. - Declarations by Southern states announcing their withdrawal from the United States and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
5. - Conical-shaped bullets used during the Civil War that replaced round musket balls, increasing accuracy and causing more severe wounds.
6. - Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans, resembling the slave codes of the antebellum period.
7. - A military campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman that involved Union forces capturing and destroying Confederate cities and infrastructure in Georgia.
8. - A Union general known for his organizational skills but criticized for his cautious approach to battle during the Civil War.
9. - A powerful political leader in New York City's Democratic Party in the 19th century, known for his corruption and control over Tammany Hall.
11. - An executive order issued by President Lincoln in 1863 that declared all enslaved individuals in Confederate-held territory to be free.
14. - Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, often seen as traitors or collaborators by their fellow Southerners.
15. - A diplomatic incident in 1861 involving the seizure of Confederate envoys from a British ship, straining relations between the U.S. and Britain.
17. - The 17th President of the United States who succeeded Abraham Lincoln after his assassination, known for his conflict with Congress over Reconstruction policies.
19. - Farmers who paid rent to work on land owned by others, typically with more independence and control over their crops.
20. - The site in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War.
21. - President Abraham Lincoln's proposal for the Reconstruction of the Southern states, requiring 10% of voters to take an oath of loyalty for readmission to the Union.
22. - Legislation passed by Congress that divided the South into military districts, required new state constitutions, and set conditions for readmission to the Union.
23. - State and local laws enacted in the Southern United States after Reconstruction that enforced racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans.
24. - The Union's strategy during the Civil War to blockade Southern ports and control a vital river to squeeze the Confederacy.
25. - The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, abolishing slavery, granting citizenship and equal protection under the law, and protecting voting rights.
26. - Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction, often to seek political or economic opportunities, sometimes perceived as opportunists or exploiters.
27. - A political cartoonist known for his satirical and critical cartoons, particularly those exposing the corruption of William "Boss" Tweed.
30. - A political faction that emerged during Reconstruction that opposed Grant's reelection.
31. - The actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., in 1865.
33. - A federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in April 1861.
37. - An agricultural system in which freedmen and poor white farmers rented land and tools in exchange for a share of the crop, often leading to cycles of debt and poverty.