Unit 9 Important Vocabulary

2. A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher who advocated for civil liberties, including freedom of religion and expression.
4. An Italian astronomer and physicist who played a key role in the scientific revolution, notably for his support of the heliocentric theory.
7. An English mathematician and physicist who is most famous for his laws of motion and universal gravitation, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.
12. The process by which cities grow and more people move into them, often due to industrialization and economic opportunities.
13. The theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some freedoms to authority in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.
14. A policy or ideology of extending a nation's power through diplomacy or military force over other nations.
15. A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer known for improving the steam engine, leading to its widespread use in the Industrial Revolution.
16. A region where a particular country has significant cultural, economic, or military influence, often without formal control.
18. The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule and have unquestionable authority.
19. A person who organizes and operates a business, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
20. A manufacturing process in which products are assembled in a sequential manner using specialized machinery and workers.

1. A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers negotiated and formalized the division of Africa among themselves.
3. An English philosopher known for his political theory, which argued that without a strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
5. A social class between the upper and lower classes, typically characterized by moderate wealth, education, and professional jobs.
6. A French philosopher known for his work on the theory of the separation of powers in government, particularly in "The Spirit of the Laws."
8. A systematic approach to investigation based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning to develop theories and test them.
9. A Swiss philosopher who argued that society corrupts individuals and that the ideal government is one based on the "general will" of the people.
10. The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun, as proposed by Copernicus.
11. An English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should protect these rights.
17. Large buildings where goods are produced, typically using machinery and mass labor.