Unit 9 Study Guide

2. a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian.
4. was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.
7. the development of a universal law of gravitation and his laws of motion
12. the concentration of human populations into discrete areas.
13. people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior.
14. when a country extends its power into other territories for economic or political gain
15. inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the Industrial Revolution.
16. the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
18. a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy
19. a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so
20. manufacturing systems in which work-in-progress moves from station to station in a sequential fashion

1. Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa
3. a political philosopher who justified wide-ranging government powers on the basis of the self-interested consent of citizens.
5. a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.
6. French lawyer, man of letters, and one of the most influential political philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment
8. an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
9. Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer.
10. a theory that places the Sun at the center of the Solar System.
11. English philosopher and political theorist
17. a new way of organizing labor made necessary by the development of machines