Vocab #9

1234567891011121314151617181920212223
Across
  1. 1. A piece of land (or other source of income) granted by a lord to a vassal, which the vassal could manage and profit from in exchange for services.
  2. 5. Groups of people (such as the Franks, Angles, and Saxons) from Northern Europe who migrated into and settled in the former Western Roman Empire during the 4th-6th centuries
  3. 6. A series of holy wars fought by European Christians, often authorized by the Pope, to gain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Muslim rule
  4. 7. A unified body of law that developed in England, based on customs and judge-made decisions rather than written statutes
  5. 10. Referring to an idealized, perfect society
  6. 11. Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) who migrated to Britain in the 5th century and established kingdoms, forming the foundation of English culture.
  7. 13. A person who was granted land (a fief) by a lord in exchange for loyalty, military service, and protection.
  8. 14. A Renaissance intellectual movement focusing on human potential, creativity, and the study of classical literature rather than just religious dogma.
  9. 15. A peasant who was not free and was legally tied to the land (manor) they worked, forced to serve the lord in exchange for protection and a small plot to farm.
  10. 19. A series of conflicts (1337-1453) between England and France for control of the French throne, which shifted warfare from knights to professional armies
  11. 22. The code of conduct for knights in the Middle Ages, emphasizing bravery, loyalty, courtesy, and Christian duty.
  12. 23. A major Germanic group that conquered Gaul (modern France) under Clovis, forming a powerful kingdom that developed the earliest forms of feudalism.
Down
  1. 1. A political and social system in medieval Europe where land was held by nobles in exchange for military service to a king, and peasants worked the land in exchange for protection.
  2. 2. A "rebirth" of European culture, art, and learning that began in Italy in the 14th century, reviving classical Greek and Roman knowledge.
  3. 3. (Bubonic Plague) A devastating pandemic that killed roughly one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century, causing major economic and social changes.
  4. 4. A church court established in 1478 to enforce Catholic orthodoxy, specifically by investigating and punishing converted Jews and Muslims suspected of secret heresy.
  5. 8. A self-sufficient farming estate, managed by a lord, which included the manor house, village, farmland, and church, where serfs lived and worked.
  6. 9. A nomadic people from Central Asia who invaded Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries, eventually settling in modern-day Hungary
  7. 12. A wealthy person (like a noble or merchant) who supported artists, writers, and scholars financially during the Renaissance.
  8. 16. The period in European history known as the Middle Ages, lasting roughly from 500 AD to 1500 AD (between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance).
  9. 17. A document signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited the king's power and established the rule of law, protecting some rights of the nobles.
  10. 18. A nomadic group from Central Asia who created the largest land empire in history in the 13th and 14th centuries, connecting Eastern and Western cultures through trade
  11. 20. The practice of lending money with interest, which was often banned or heavily restricted by the church in the Middle Ages
  12. 21. Focuses on worldly, non-religious matters rather than spiritual or church-related concerns.