Vocab 9

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Across
  1. 1. – A nomadic group from Central Asia who created the largest land empire in history under leaders like Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan.
  2. 3. – A large estate owned by a lord in feudal Europe; it was self-sufficient and included villages, farmland, and the serfs who worked it.
  3. 4. – Not related to religion; Renaissance thinkers often focused on worldly subjects as well as spiritual ones.
  4. 6. – The practice of charging interest on loans; condemned by the medieval Church but became more accepted during the Renaissance.
  5. 8. – A political and social system where land was exchanged for service and loyalty; structured around kings, lords, vassals, and serfs.
  6. 10. – Nomadic people from Central Asia who invaded Europe in the 9th and 10th centuries and eventually settled in modern-day Hungary.
  7. 11. – The code of conduct followed by medieval knights, emphasizing bravery, honor, and respect for women and the weak.
  8. 13. – A peasant legally bound to the land they worked on; they had few rights and needed permission to leave the manor.
  9. 15. Law – A legal system based on custom and court rulings rather than written codes; developed in medieval England.
  10. 17. Tribes – Groups like the Visigoths, Vandals, and Franks that invaded the Roman Empire and helped bring about its fall, leading to the formation of medieval Europe.
  11. 19. – A Renaissance philosophy that emphasized individual potential and the study of classical texts, focusing on human achievements.
  12. 20. – A powerful Germanic tribe that established a large Christian kingdom in what is now France and Germany; Charlemagne was their most famous ruler.
  13. 22. Death (Bubonic Plague) – A deadly disease that killed about one-third of Europe’s population in the mid-1300s; spread through fleas on rats.
  14. 23. – An ideal or perfect society; the term comes from Thomas More's book Utopia, describing an imaginary society without poverty or injustice.
Down
  1. 1. – Refers to the Middle Ages (roughly 500–1500 CE), the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance.
  2. 2. – A person in feudal society who received land (a fief) from a lord in exchange for loyalty and military service.
  3. 5. – A series of religious wars launched by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
  4. 7. – A cultural and intellectual revival (1300s–1600s) that began in Italy, emphasizing classical learning, art, science, and humanism.
  5. 9. – A wealthy person or group that supported artists, writers, or scholars during the Renaissance (e.g., the Medici family).
  6. 12. Years’ War – A long conflict (1337–1453) between England and France over claims to the French throne; helped end medieval warfare and feudalism.
  7. 14. Inquisition – A Catholic court established to find and punish heresy in Spain, especially targeting Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity.
  8. 16. Carta – A document signed by King John of England in 1215 that limited royal power and established legal rights like due process.
  9. 18. – A piece of land granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system.
  10. 21. – Germanic tribes that settled in Britain after the fall of the Roman Empire, forming the early foundations of England.