Vocabulary for Language Development

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Across
  1. 4. Child directed speech The various ways in which a caregiver (unconsciously) adapts their speech in order to aid a child in language development.
  2. 9. function Where a child's utterance is trying to fulfil a need.
  3. 11. Whena child uses a word more broadly than intended to describe things other than the actual item to which the word applies.
  4. 12. based linguistics A model that emphasises that language structures emerge from use and language patterns are formed becoming what we know as grammatical constructions. Tomasello
  5. 13. verb A verb that joins a subject to an adjective or noun complement. "I am happy" joins the subject "I" to the adjective "happy" - can include the verb "to be" - "to look" - "to seem" - "to feel".
  6. 17. A more generic term that is connected to more specific word choices that are all within the same semantic field. e.g Fruit is a hypernym
  7. 18. permanence An understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or touched.
  8. 19. Stage Usually between 12 and 18 months. A whole sentence worth of meaning in a single word. Often concrete nouns.
  9. 21. One consonant or vowel is swapped for another
  10. 23. words Words within a sentence that are vital to meaning
  11. 25. More knowledgeable other The older participant in an interaction who might offer support to a child so they can further their own developmental learning. Vygotsky
  12. 27. Verbal Stage Consisting of crying, cooing and babbling
  13. 29. Rasa Latin for "blank slate" and the term used to describe the idea that children are born with unbdeveloped, fresh brains.
  14. 31. Omitting a particular sound within a word
  15. 33. Structure Initiation, Response, Feedback Sinclair and Coulthard's means of analysing educational discourse. Three part conversational exchange. One speaker starts the conversation, a second speaker responds and the first speaker then provides some feedback.
  16. 34. Where a caregiver might develop the child's utterance to make it more grammatically complete.
  17. 35. The grammatically incorrect utterance of the child is spoken back to the child but in the correct form.
  18. 36. The reduction is scale of an object through addition of extra suffix e.g. Doggie, Dolly More accessible and phonologically easier or more appealing to say.
  19. 40. Grammar Term coined by Chomsky -the idea that all human languages possess similar grammatical properties which the brain is "hard -wired" to decode and use.
  20. 41. The process of swapping one sound for another that is easier to produce.
  21. 44. Acquisition Device Proposed bt Chomsky. All humans are born with an innate language capacity.
  22. 45. babbling Involves variation of the consonant and vowel sounds being produced.
  23. 46. spurt Cognitive change occurs and child moves into a period of rapid acquisition and faster lexical development.
  24. 47. or free morpheme Units of meaning within a word that do not depend on other morphemes to make sense.
  25. 48. An adjective or adverb that expresses the highest degree of quality.
Down
  1. 1. Where a child might use a word more narrowly to describe something without recognising the word has a wider use.
  2. 2. cluster reduction Reducing phonologically complex units into simpler ones - from two or more consonants down to one.
  3. 3. The support provided by caregivers through modelling how speech ought to take place in order to help language development.
  4. 5. telegraphic stage Occurs around age 3. Contracted forms, verb inflections and formation of pronouns. By age 4 largely grammatically accurate and complete sentences.
  5. 6. imperatives An instruction given in such a way that it does not appear to be a command but a more gentle suggestion
  6. 7. babbling Repeatedly using the same sounds such as "bababababa"
  7. 8. words Words within a sentence that are necessary to demonstrate structural accuracy.
  8. 10. reinforcement The positive feedback given to a child which is thought to encourage similar performance again.
  9. 13. Competence The ability to creative meaningful speech or writing.
  10. 14. Word A made up word such as "ray-rays" for raisins becuase the child can not yet pronounce the word.
  11. 15. Zone of proximal development Describes the area between what a child can already do and that which is beyond their reach. Caregiver might enable child to progress by offering support. Vygotsksy
  12. 16. The more specific words that can be defined within the more generic hypernym. (Tree - hypernym) (Oak, Ash, Willow, Beech - homonym)
  13. 20. Thinking only of the self without undersatnding or regard for the feelings of others.
  14. 22. word stage Occurs around 18 months - puts two words together. The more a child progesses, the clearer and more refined the language becomes. Begins to understand grammar.
  15. 24. stage Occurs around age 2. Longer and more complete. Coveys main message with minimum number of words. Include key content words but likely to omit grammatical words.
  16. 26. Language Acquisition Support System Proposed by Bruner. A system whereby caregivers and other individuals who play a key role in a child's language development.
  17. 28. Repeated syllables within a word Such as moo-moo or wee wee
  18. 30. morphemes Units of meaning within a word that depend on other morphemes to make sense.
  19. 32. development Piaget A child's development of thinking and understanding.
  20. 37. Communication Gestures, Haptics (Touch), Paralanguage (stress, amplitude, speed), Eye Contact and Facial Expressions -these are the main ones for a child.
  21. 38. Mean length of utterance The average utterance length of speakers - calculated by adding up the total number of words spoken and dividing by the total number of utterances - a way of measuring each speakers input or dominance.
  22. 39. Answer
  23. 42. conditioning A positive or negative response given by caregiver can influence the way a child speaks in the future
  24. 43. errors Grammatical errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules.