Vocabulary for List 9

4. a punishment given by a high-ranking religious official saying that a person can no longer be part of the Church
5. a legal promise
7. natural features and Earth's surface that can change due to wind, water, and ice
8. a male noble who rules a small territory
9. sand or small pieces of rock broken down by weathering and deposited on land or at the bottom of water
10. a triangular landform where a river empties into another body of water
11. (idiom) the right to be the ruler
13. a low area between higher areas
15. a long and bitter argument
17. a person taken by force and held prisoner, often later exchanged for money or other demands
19. the removal and movement of sediment from one place to another by gravity, water, wind, or ice

1. a way around a law or rule
2. the breakdown of rocks into very small particles by gravity, water, wind, and ice
3. an improvement
6. a large land formation that rises high above the surrounding area
10. a female noble who is the wife or widow of a duke who rules a small territory herself
12. a large, slow-moving, long-lasting accumulation of snow and ice that develops on land
14. the buildup of land by the settlement of sediment and soil in a new location
16. a deep ravine between cliffs that is most often carved from the landscape by a river
18. a group of people who listen to information presented during a trial in a court and make decisions about whether someone is guilty or innocent