Westward Expansion

1. 1862 accelerated U.S. western settlement (and Indigenous displacement) by allowing any American, including freedmen, to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land
6. land allocated specifically for Native American tribes by the U.S. government
8. Black cavalries serving primarily on the Western frontier after the Civil War, often to quell Indigenous resistance
10. regulated land rights on tribal territories within the U.S. (and essentially took away power from Native Americans)
13. Pragmatic Cheyenne chief who believed resistance was futile; known for his desire for peace and treaties
14. millenarian (i.e., apocalyptic) belief of the Sioux that the conflicts from the U.S. were taking place because the Sioux had angered the gods; belief was that practice of the ghost dance and rejection of white civilization would restore their lands
15. Sioux chief; violently resisted further relocation of Sioux from a reservation by miners;
16. One of the last confrontations of the Indian Wars; Sioux, including Sitting Bull, refused to leave their land; motivated by the Ghost Dance Prophecy
18. government subsidizing of agriculture institutes that motivated people to move west to farm
19. large ranches, influenced particularly in the southwest by Mexican agricultural practice and the geography, that competed with smaller farms in the western frontier
20. Mexican resistance to Western settlement from United States

2. 1889, President Harrison “opened up” Indian territory in Oklahoma, offering cheap land to settlers
3. Railroad extending from the east to the west coast in the United States, drawing immigrants and expanding industrialization
4. female author of many pro-Indigenous works; highly critical of U.S. policies regarding Native Americans
5. belief by white Americans that they had the god-given right to settle western land; motivated by Social Darwinism and economic desire
7. boarding school where forced assimilation took place in the United States
9. Last great victory for Indigenous groups in the U.S.; General Custer and U.S. Army fell to Great Plains tribes
11. Annie Oakley + _____ women in the West, showing rise of opportunity
12. 1862 signed into law by Lincoln; commenced the building of the Transcontinental Railroad
17. Black settlers in the West, pushed out due to rise of Jim Crow and pulled to West for opportunities