Wilderness

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253
Across
  1. 1. One of the problems for preservationists is that wilderness is not a static, ______________ place.
  2. 4. The Wilderness _______ is the idea that, for one thing, the traditional concept of wilderness is scientifically unsound.
  3. 5. European settlers used Biblical descriptions to describe the wilderness such as "the ________'s den"
  4. 6. Early Conservationists supported the fire _______________ policy.
  5. 7. The Lockean Model would look at wildlife as "_______," a resource for human use.
  6. 9. This term replaces the "organic model" and was a more all-inclusive term for the inhabitants, processes, and background environment of a biological community.
  7. 10. Adam and Eve were sent into the "accursed" wilderness after they were disobedient in a beautiful and perfect place, __________.
  8. 12. The ecosystem perspective looks at _______ as fundamental parts of nature.
  9. 13. The early movement that embraced the Lockean model.
  10. 16. Tansley's idea of ecosystems is more in line with _________: physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology.
  11. 17. Callicott and Nelson suggest that it would be more helpful to look at wilderness as ___________ for other life forms.
  12. 18. A species can be be defined in a community model by its ecological _________; for Elton, by "what it eats and what eats it."
  13. 20. The model of wilderness in which human labor transforms into "productive and valuable property."
  14. 21. In the ___________ model, species are seen as related to their environment as "organs are related to the body."
  15. 24. A preservationist has the problem of determining ______ the wilderness was pure -- before a fire? after a flood? before civilization?
  16. 25. The _______ _________ is an essential idea in the ecosystem view-- that all members of the ecological community affect one another, and react to one another.
  17. 26. A basic assumption of all early ecological models is that ecosystems "tend toward a point of relative stability or ______________."
  18. 29. This kind of holism is not making a claim about what is real or existing, but simply emphasizes that thinking of a "whole" is simply a more functional way of dealing with environmental problems.
  19. 36. The model of wilderness that is "an aggressive and antagonistic attitude toward the wilderness."
  20. 38. This kind of holism claims that wholes (species and ecosystems, for instance) actually exist -- they are as real as their individual parts.
  21. 40. The early Forest Service director who agreed with the Lockean model.
  22. 41. The first head of the Sierra Club who would have agreed with the transcendentalists.
  23. 43. One problem of the Wilderness Myth is that sees humans as ___________ from nature.
  24. 45. The __________ model of ecosystems understands nature as a circuit through which _________ flows.
  25. 48. One of the political problems of wilderness policy is whether or not __________ are a part of wilderness.
  26. 50. The Romantic Model sees nature as genuine, and society as _____________.
  27. 51. The study of living organisms in their environments.
Down
  1. 2. Sometimes in order to preserve what we see as the perfect state of nature requires human ________________.
  2. 3. Settlers on the Mayflower felt the had landed in a "____________" and desolate wilderness.
  3. 8. Today, scientists are inclined to include the ________ (non-living) elements of the ecosystem as active parts of the whole.
  4. 11. The _____________ Model views the wilderness as unspoiled and uncorrupted nature -- a perfection, a paradise.
  5. 12. The Lockean model looks at unused land as a ____________.
  6. 13. Today, scientists are less convinced that there is a natural equilibrium toward which a system moves, but that the "development" of a system is more ___________, not predictable.
  7. 14. If we assume that ecosystems tend toward __________, then we might make bad policies or interfere because we think the ecosystem will eventually fix itself.
  8. 15. An American movement that believes deep meaning comes from inner feelings (intuition/imagination), not from science and technology.
  9. 19. This concept is similar to saying "the whole is more than the sum of its parts."
  10. 22. An acceptance of dualism (think of man and nature as two different things) can lead to thinking "man _________ nature."
  11. 23. Environments can been seen as changing, healthy, young, mature, etc., under a natural ______________ standard.
  12. 27. the Wilderness Act sets aside areas to leave them ____________ for future use and enjoyment.
  13. 28. A __________ community is a stable and relatively permanent population of living things in an ecosystem.
  14. 30. Clements (c. 1920), suggested that a climax community operates as its own ____________, going through stages of development.
  15. 31. Hume is one of many people who have pointed out that just because "this is the way things are" doesn't mean "this is the way things ________ to be."
  16. 32. The __________ model of ecosystems understands nature like a community -- the relationships are like a citizens relationship to the community.
  17. 33. ____________ (name) suggests that right and wrong can be determines by what "tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community."
  18. 34. Often ________ peoples are ignored in policies regarding wilderness.
  19. 35. The ______________ fallacy concludes that "something is good or right based solely on a description of what is natural."
  20. 37. _________, who wrote Walden Pond, was one of America's most well-known transcendentalists.
  21. 39. The Judeo-Christian traditions may think of wilderness as harsh and cruel because the deserts of the Middle East were _______________.
  22. 42. From an ecological perspective, _______ are good because they contribute to stable populations.
  23. 44. Counter to European settlers, Native Americans did not view "wilderness" as the _____________.
  24. 46. This kind of holism would suggest that "wholes" are included in the moral community. . . that species and systems deserve moral consideration.
  25. 47. Thoreau said that _______ can be found not in opinion and tradition, but in our contact with nature.
  26. 49. the dilemma of managing wilderness is illustrated in the first discussion of what to do about _________ timber in National Forests.
  27. 52. If there is no natural _______ or equilibrium, then we might not be inclined to try to preserve wilderness because it is constantly changing -- chaotic.
  28. 53. James Lovelock's concept of the earth and all its processes as a living organism.