World History

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Across
  1. 4. a woman who vows to dedicate her life to religious service, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery or convent.
  2. 5. a titled peer of the realm or an aristocrat.
  3. 7. a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.
  4. 11. person who served his lord as a mounted and heavily armed soldier
  5. 12. a member of the household of a nobleman or a monarch employed to entertain guests during the medieval and Renaissance eras.
  6. 13. a type of moveable bridge typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat.
  7. 16. a vassal's source of income, held from his lord in exchange for services.
  8. 21. wife or widow of a king.
  9. 22. anyone who is involved in business or trade
  10. 23. A defensive mound of earth or a wall with a broad top and usually a stone parapet; a wall-like ridge of earth, stones or debris; an embankment for defensive purpose.
  11. 25. man who separates himself from society and lives either alone (a hermit or anchorite) or in an organized community in order to devote himself full time to religious life.
  12. 27. usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived
  13. 28. the transfer of goods and services from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for money.
  14. 29. to imply something wearisome or challenging.
  15. 31. a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at war in the 11th and 12th centuries.
  16. 33. a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family.
Down
  1. 1. one having power and authority over others
  2. 2. the sovereign ruler of a small state in Continental Europe called a duchy
  3. 3. a chivalrous competition or mock fight in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (12th to 16th centuries).
  4. 6. the strongest portion of the fortification of a castle, the place of last resort in case of siege or attack.
  5. 8. an unfree person, esp one bound to the land.
  6. 9. system,a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service.
  7. 10. a person who reigns over a kingdom or empire
  8. 11. supreme ruler, sovereign over a nation or a territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an emperor, to whom a king may be subject.
  9. 14. a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen
  10. 15. a female member of a royal family, usually the daughter of a king or queen or the wife of a prince.
  11. 17. science and the art that deal with the use, display, and regulation of hereditary symbols employed to distinguish individuals, armies, institutions, and corporations
  12. 18. medieval stronghold, generally the residence of the king or lord of the territory in which it stands.
  13. 19. a body of ordained ministers in a Christian church
  14. 20. the rural poor, rural residents, serfs, agricultural laborers, and the “common” or. “simple” people.
  15. 24. a depression surrounding a castle, city wall, or other fortification, usually but not always filled with water
  16. 26. a church that contains the cathedra (Latin for 'seat') of a bishop
  17. 30. a surviving memorial of something past
  18. 32. ,one invested with a fief in return for services to an overlord.