World History!

4. A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often formed to protect their interests, regulate trade, and maintain standards of quality.
6. An alliance of northern Italian cities, formed in the 12th century to resist the Holy Roman Emperor’s attempts to assert control over them.
7. A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was exchanged for loyalty and service, with kings, nobles, vassals, and serfs forming the hierarchy.
9. A split within the Roman Catholic Church (1378–1417) where multiple popes claimed legitimacy, leading to divisions in the church and confusion among Christians.
10. A peasant who was legally bound to the land and under the control of a lord in the feudal system, with limited freedom and rights.

1. A Czech priest and theologian whose teachings, including criticism of church corruption, led to the Hussite movement and his execution for heresy in 1415.
2. A multi-ethnic empire in central Europe, founded in 800 AD, that lasted until 1806, with the emperor often seen as the secular ruler of Christendom.
3. A large estate or agricultural land, typically owned by a lord, that included villages and farmland worked by peasants or serfs.
5. A follower of Jan Hus, a Czech religious reformer, who advocated for church reform and was a key figure in pre-Reformation movements.
8. A city in southern France that was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1377, during the period known as the Avignon Papacy.