World History Exam vocab

Across

2. Capital city of the eastern Roman empire; formerly the Greek city of Byzantium and today the Turkish city of Istanbul
6. The bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church
11. A government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives
12. A soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army
13. Ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet people’s needs
15. In ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time
16. Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
19. A Muslim who seeks to achieve direct contact with god through mystical means.
22. A city and its surrounding lands function as an independent political unit.
24. A government in which power is in the hands of a few people - especially one in which rule is based upon wealth
25. A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility
26. A belief in a single god
31. A seafaring people from southwest Asia, around 100 BC, began to trade and establish colonies throughout the Mediterranean region.
32. An arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea
33. The taming of animals
35. A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
36. A government in which power is in the hands of a single person
38. One of the professional record keepers in early civilizations
40. A body of law governing the lives of Muslims
41. A political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler.
42. The holy book of Islam
43. An economic concept that refers to separating tasks in which people in a factory or company work at one kind of job and learn to do it well
44. A human-made object from the past
45. A highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, for new sources of food

Down

1. A religious image used by eastern Christians
3. A decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services
4. A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote
5. A principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity.
6. A tall reed that grows in the Nile Delta was used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paper-like material for writing on
7. A period of peace and prosperity throughout the roman Empire lasting from 27 BC to AD 180
8. Part of the land making up the Fertile Cresent, meaning “land between the rivers” in Greek
9. In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrates
10. The Old Stone Age, lasting from about 2.5 million years ago to 8000 BC
14. A system of writing and wedge-shaped symbols, invented by Sumerians around 3000 BC
17. In ancient Greece, a powerful individual who gained control of a city-state’s government by appealing to the poor for support
18. The New Stone Age, lasting from about 8000 BC to as early as 3000 BC
20. One of Jesus’s followers who preached and spread his teachings
21. A human and other creatures that walk upright
23. The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
27. An Islamic model for living based on the life and teachings of Muhammad
28. A high-ranking Christian official who supervises a number of local churches
29. God (an Arabic word, used mainly in Islam)
30. A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
31. A belief in many gods
34. The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad
37. An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
39. The Spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another