Across
- 2. ________ SQUARE: This is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross. It organizes the possible gametes of each parent along the axes of a grid, and the boxes within the grid show the possible combinations of these gametes.
- 5. In the context of Mendel's pea plants, this refers to the other contrasting phenotype he studied for flower color, recessive to violet.
- 8. This describes a genetic cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for two different traits. For instance, a cross involving seed shape (round/wrinkled) and seed color (yellow/green) would be a dihybrid cross.
- 9. This is the embryonic leaf within the seed of a plant. In Mendel's work with pea plants, he specifically noted the cotyledon color, observing two forms: yellow and green.
- 10. In the context of Mendel's pea plants, "y_____" refers to one of the two contrasting phenotypes he studied for traits like seed color and cotyledon color.
- 12. In Mendel's experiments, "round" described one of the two contrasting phenotypes for seed shape in pea plants.
- 13. This is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype 1 and the environment. For example, the p___________ for flower color could be violet or white.
- 15. ____ PODS: This refers to the position of the pods on the stem of a pea plant. T_________ pods are located at the tip of the stem. Mendel observed this as a distinct alternative to axial pods.
- 17. These are reproductive cells (sperm and egg in animals, pollen and ovule in plants) that contain only one set of chromosomes (they are haploid). During sexual reproduction, g_______ fuse to form a zygote with a full set of chromosomes.
- 18. This is an allele that only expresses its trait when an organism has two copies of it (i.e., it is homozygous recessive). The ___________ allele is masked by the dominant allele when the dominant allele is present. In Mendel's work, the allele for white flowers was recessive.
- 19. These are different versions of a gene for a particular trait. For example, for the flower color trait in pea plants, there's an allele for violet flowers and another allele for white flowers. An individual inherits one allele from each parent for each gene.
Down
- 1. This describes a genetic cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for a single trait. For example, a cross between two pea plants that are heterozygous for flower color (Vv) would be a m___________d cross.
- 3. This is the genetic makeup of an organism, referring to the specific combination of alleles it possesses for a particular trait or set of traits. For example, a pea plant could have a g_______ of VV, Vv, or vv for flower color.
- 4. This is an allele that expresses its trait even when paired with a different allele (the recessive allele). In Mendel's experiments, the allele for violet flowers was d_______ over the allele for white flowers, meaning a plant with one violet allele and one white allele would have violet flowers.
- 6. PODS: This refers to the position of the pods on the stem of a pea plant. Axial pods are located along the main stem. Mendel observed this as one of the traits with two distinct forms (axial vs. terminal).
- 7. In the context of Mendel's pea plants, this refers to one of the two contrasting phenotypes he studied for flower color.
- 11. In Mendel's experiments, "wrinkled" described the other contrasting phenotype for seed shape in pea plants, recessive to round.
- 14. This is the passing of traits from parents to their offspring. Mendel's work provided the fundamental principles explaining how h_________ occurs.
- 16. This is the branch of biology that studies heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. M_____ is considered the father of modern genetics due to his groundbreaking experiments with pea plants.
- 17. In the context of Mendel's pea plants, this refers to one of the two contrasting phenotypes he studied for traits like seed color and pod color.