Across
- 4. an adjective that modifies a noun by focusing on how much, how many, whose, etc.; can be grouped into nine types
- 7. an adjective that describes a quality of the noun or pronoun it modifies “the TALL girl”
- 9. the main verb and all phrases which follow the verb
- 11. verbs that act like the verb “to be”, but look different (e.g., “She seems happy.”)
- 13. a _______ morpheme that can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word
- 15. a syntactic structure that contains one or more words but does not contain both a subjects and a verb
- 17. a _______ pronoun refers to a noun and embeds or conjoins a clause to the rest of a sentence via subordination (e.g., who, why, that, which)
- 19. Around __ years of age, verbs comprise about 30% of a child’s lexicon.
- 20. A word or phrase in a reply might be omitted or _________ to avoid redundancies. For example: “Are you going to the store?” “I am.”
- 21. Verbs are so important because they are the “_______” of the utterance - Turner, 1966.
- 22. The earliest verbs a child uses are _______ verbs. (Brown’s Stage 1)
- 24. The word “so” is a subordinating conjunction when it means “_________” or gives a reason.
- 26. a class of words that provides additional information about nouns, pronouns, and verbs; is generally either an adjective or an adverb
- 29. Once a child has developed the use of complex sentences, we should no longer count morphemes (for MLU) but should count _________.
- 30. The Mean Length of Utterance in words (MLR-W) might also be called the Mean Length of ___________ (MLR), which counts words per utterance and not morphemes to better observe changes in syntactic complexity during later language development.
- 31. the smallest unit of sound in a language that has meaning
- 32. ______ voice: a sentence in which the subject is acted upon (e.g., “The door was opened by John.”)
- 34. The earliest forms of pronouns a child develops are _________ pronouns.
- 35. About 60% of a first lexicon are ________.
- 39. when “to be” is the “helping” verb
- 40. a _______ pronoun identifies or highlights a particular noun or antecedent (e.g., this, that, these, and those)
Down
- 1. an _______ pronoun is used to ask a “wh-” question (e.g., “Who went to the party?”)
- 2. Counting the words in each T-unit permits documentation of the change in _________.
- 3. _________ verbs are the earliest verbs children will learn how to speak.
- 5. a unit of meaning in written language
- 6. an _______ clause expresses the main idea of a sentence and can stand alone and maintain full meaning
- 8. an _______ pronoun has a general, unstated referent (e.g., nothing, some)
- 10. the study of word formation, of the structure of words
- 12. a modifier that describes a noun or pronoun; can be descriptive or limiting
- 14. During the preschool period, verbs account for about _____________% of the lexicon.
- 16. ______ voice: a sentence which the subject is the performer of an action (e.g., “John opened the door.”)
- 18. a syntactic structure that contains a subjects and a predicate; is either independent (main) or independent (subordinate)
- 23. a word that replaces a noun
- 25. a modifier that provides information about verbs, adjectives, and other _______
- 27. the smallest unit of meaning in a language
- 28. _________ are rarely used by very young children. The first uses are “here” and “there” or “on top” or “in here”.
- 33. an ______ verb that does not require an object (e.g., “He sleeps.”)
- 36. the topic of the sentence, all-inclusive phrase up to the main verb
- 37. a _______ morpheme that can stand alone as a word
- 38. A syntactic structure containing at least one one independent clause with one complete thought; includes a subject and a predicate