Across
- 1. the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.
- 5. a late-18th century movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution.
- 12. effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European–American culture between the years of 1790 and 1920.
- 14. an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in response to a debt crisis
- 16. The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
- 17. named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries
- 18. prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
- 19. the withdrawal of eleven southern states from the Union in 1860, leading to the Civil War.
- 23. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for white settlement of their ancestral lands.
- 29. This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. ... By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including parts of present-day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah, to the United States.
- 30. loyalty to one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.
- 33. an economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.
- 34. an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848.
- 35. information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
- 37. a series of laws passed by the British Parliament that imposed restrictions on colonial trade.
- 41. colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution
- 42. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
- 44. a steel-making process, now largely superseded, in which carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by oxidation in a blast of air in a special tilting retort.
- 45. authorized the President of the United States to subdivide Native American tribal communal landholdings into allotments for Native American heads of families and individuals.
- 46. a revolt of Native Americans led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, King George III declared all lands west of the Appalachian Divide off-limits to colonial settlers.
- 47. the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power.
- 48. the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from 1879 through 1918.
Down
- 2. an area of land managed by a Native American tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
- 3. an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm.
- 4. the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776
- 6. the acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France in 1803.
- 7. state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
- 8. a colonist of the American revolutionary period who supported the British cause.
- 9. Historic Jamestowne is home to the ruins of the first permanent English settlement in North America.
- 10. a mixed or compound mode of government that combines a general government with regional governments in a single political system.
- 11. the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable
- 13. a 1,912-mile continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.
- 15. counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.
- 20. a secret hate group in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired rights of Black people and to oppose carpetbaggers from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings.
- 21. an employee within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract to work without pay for the owner of the indenture for a period of time.
- 22. a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions.
- 24. was an organic act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States.
- 25. the period 1865–77 following the Civil War, during which the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government and social legislation, including the granting of new rights to African-Americans, was introduced.
- 26. a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.
- 27. a faction of the Republican Party during the American Civil War. They were distinguished by their fierce advocacy for the abolition of slavery, enfranchisement of black citizens, and holding the Southern states financially and morally culpable for the war.
- 28. This War pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France, each side supported by military units from the parent country and by Native American allies.
- 31. the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere.
- 32. abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
- 36. granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”
- 38. a conflict fought between the United States and its allies, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and its allies.
- 39. a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
- 40. a large-scale estate meant for farming that specializes in cash crops. The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees and forest trees
- 43. the movement to end slavery.