Across
- 1. During the middle ages, Europeans often embarked on long journeys known as ______ in the hopes of receiving spiritual and physical benefits from holy relics located in distant places.
- 3. during the early middle ages, the European diet consisted almost entirely of _______ and their products
- 6. Emperor Frederick I tried but was unable to overcome papal interests in his attempt to conquer which territory?
- 8. Unlike France and England, which both developed regional monarchies in the medieval period, northern _______ was divided into various city-states.
- 11. what material made of the most important manufactured products in western Europe during the medieval period
- 14. the bogomils and ________ were alternative religious movements that rejected the church and rejected wealth and marriage in favor of an ascetic lifestyle
- 16. The most active European trade network during the middle ages operated in the ____ basin
- 17. the precursors to medieval universities were the _______ schools , founded by bishops in archbishops in their dioceses
- 19. trading posts connected Mediterranean trade networks with the merchants who traded throughout the ______ Ocean
- 20. academic guilds for faculty and students transformed the cathedral schools into _______
- 22. The notion that aristocrats should engage in refined behavior and piety was called
- 23. The conquest of England in 1066 resulted in the establishment of a ______ kingdom there.
- 27. The blending of Aristotelian philosophy with Christian belief was known as ______
- 28. The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the __________, which aimed to recapture Jerusalem for Christianity.
- 29. during the middle ages, the university of paris was renowned for its instruction in ________
Down
- 2. Standards of quality for goods, price levels, and sometimes even manufacturing techniques were set by _______
- 4. the concept of chivalry was perpetuated within and pertained primarily to the ___
- 5. What was the only remaining Muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula by the late thirteenth century?
- 7. Which of the following was not a major political power in Italy during the medieval period?
- 9. The European chivalric code of behavior was promoted and spread especially by traveling songsters and storytellers known as
- 10. The lack of effective imperial power in medieval Europe left room for powerful lords to establish Regional ______?
- 12. what crop, introduced during the middle ages, had the most significant impact on both diet and soil fertility in Europe?
- 13. During the Investiture Contest, the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor entered into a dispute over who had the right to appoint _______ officials
- 15. Medieval Christian philosophy, and especially scholastic theology, were profoundly influenced by the works of which ancient Greek philosopher?
- 18. during the middle ages, people believed that items that belonged to saints during their lives, known as ________ , how special powers and religious significance
- 21. Who did French nobles elect to serve as their king after the last of the Carolingians died?
- 24. in medieval society, peasants who worked the land were dependent upon ________ lords for protection
- 25. Which Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Contest and forced to humble himself and beg forgiveness?
- 26. During the medieval period, the Church governed a sizable territory known as the _____ state
- 28. Merchant trade expanded widely due to the innovations in banking and ______