Across
- 3. John was driving a car but then he veered off the road and onto the pedastrian walkway, hitting Mary as a result. Later, it was found that John had lost control of his car because he had suddenly suffered a stroke. He can rely on _____ _____ as a defence.
- 5. The defendant is a construction worker who does renovations for HDB flats. One time, when the defendant was renovating a flat, the resulting noise and dust affected the plaintiff who resided next door. The plaintiff then sues the defendant for nuisance. However, the defendant can argue that he was _____ to carry out renovations under the statute; Housing and Development Act 1959.
- 6. Defences help to mitigate a defendant's legal _____, either completely or partially.
- 10. A defendant relying on inevitable accident as a defence must prove that the accident could not have been avoided by him, even though he had taken reasonable care and _____.
- 11. In the middle of a surgery to remove kidney stones from a patient, the doctor notices that the patient's appendix was inflamed. If left untreated, it could burst and lead to a fatal infection. The doctor exercises his professional judgement and removes the appendix along with the kidney stones. The patient later sues the doctor for not having sought for his consent before the appendix removal. The doctor can raise the defence of _____.
- 12. Once the limitation period for a tort action expires, that action is forever _____ from being raised in court.
- 14. A mistake of law is not an _____. This is captured in the maxim; ignorantia juris non excusat.
Down
- 1. The burden of proof is on the _____ to establish all the elements of the tort that he is raising.
- 2. General tort actions must be raised in court within six years from the date when the cause of action _____.
- 4. For private defence, the defendant is allowed use force to protect himself, another person, or property. However, such force must not be _____.
- 7. In Lane v Holloway, the plaintiff hit the defendant on his shoulder. In response, the defendant hit the plaintiff in his eye, causing the plaintiff to be hospitalised for a month. Private defence was not _____ since the defendant's actions were disproportionate in the circumstances.
- 8. While Susan was rushing out of class, she took a black bag, believing that it was hers. Upon reaching home, she realises that the bag actually belongs to Tom, her classmate. She had mistakenly taken his bag because it looked identical to hers. Here, Susan can argue that she had made a mistake of _____.
- 9. General defences can be used for a _____ of torts while specific defences can be used for particular torts only.
- 13. The defence of necessity occurs when the defendant reasonably believes that his actions were unavoidably _____ for the sake of preventing harm.