Chapter One Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 3. The scientific study of the nature,extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
  2. 6. Crimes defined by legislative bodies in response to changing social conditions, public opinion,and custom.
  3. 7. A lack of norms or clear social standards. Because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
  4. 9. The various subareas included within the scholarly discipline of criminology, which, taken as a whole, define the field of study.
  5. 12. Treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future criminal behavior.
  6. 14. A rule derived from previous judicial decisions and applied to future cases; the basis of common law.
  7. 18. Illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace.White-collar crimes may include theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade,and false advertising.
  8. 19. A measure that producesconsistent results from one measurement to another.
Down
  1. 1. The execution of criminal offenders; the death penalty.
  2. 2. Early English law, developed by judges, which became the standardized law of the land in England and eventually formed the basis of the criminal law in the United States.
  3. 4. System made up of the agencies of social control, such as police departments, the courts, and correctional institutions, that handle criminal offenders.
  4. 5. Having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated.
  5. 8. Subarea of criminology that focuses on the correction and control of criminal offenders.
  6. 10. A measure that actually measures what it purports to measure; a measure that is factual.
  7. 11. The study of the victim’s role in criminal events.
  8. 13. The view that people’s behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
  9. 15. The written code that defines crimes and their punishments.
  10. 16. sentences A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses.
  11. 17. An act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law.