Across
- 5. a type of government in which a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies.
- 7. a set of imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator, and that are used in locating places north or south. The equator is labeled the zero-degree line for latitude.
- 8. the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior to different societies.
- 11. technology that uses digital map information to create a databank; different “data layers” can be combined to produce specialized maps. GIS allows geographers to analyze different aspects of a specific place to solve problems.
- 13. location: n. describes a place in relation to other places around it.
- 14. a political unit or community touching the borders of the central city or touching other suburbs that touch the city.
- 18. a naturally formed feature on the surface of the earth.
- 19. the earth’s surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean.
- 21. the level at which rock is saturated.
- 23. the number of deaths per thousand.
- 25. the combined characteristics of landforms and their distribution in a region.
- 27. a storm that forms over warm, tropical ocean waters.
- 30. the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result.
- 32. the total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group.
- 33. a group that shares a geographic region, a common language, and a sense of identity and culture.
- 34. a long period without rain or with very minimal rainfall
- 35. the waters comprising the earth’s surface, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and vapor in the atmosphere.
- 37. a way of mapping the earth’s surface that reduces distortion caused by converting three dimensions into two dimensions.
- 40. transfer of heat in the atmosphere by upward motion of the air.
- 41. the layers of gases immediately surrounding the earth
- 43. the land on the leeward side of hills or mountains that gets little rain from the descending dry air.
- 48. location the exact place on earth where a geo- graphic feature is found.
- 52. a fracture in the earth’s crust.
- 53. a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.
- 56. a system in which the government holds nearly all political power and the means of production.
- 57. the solid rock portion of the earth’s surface.
- 59. a natural event, formed when magma, gases, and water from the lower part of the crust or mantle collect in underground chambers and eventually erupt and pour out of cracks in the earth’s surface.
- 60. a type of government in which an individual or a group holds complete political power.
- 62. a factor that causes people to leave their home- lands and migrate to another region.
- 63. a two-dimensional graphic representation of selected parts of the earth’s surface.
- 66. the term for the flat, grassy, mostly treeless plains in the tropical grassland region.
- 67. a mapmaker.
- 71. a forest region located in the Tropical Zone with a heavy concentration of different species of broadleaf trees.
- 72. all the parts of the earth where plants and animals live, including the atmosphere, the lithosphere, and the hydrosphere.
- 74. the typical weather conditions at a particular location as observed over time
- 75. an enormous moving shelf that forms the earth’s crust
- 77. the thin rock layer making up the earth’s surface.
- 78. a rock layer about 1,800 miles thick that is between the earth’s crust and the earth’s core
- 82. the earth’s center, made up of iron and nickel; the inner core is solid, and the outer core is liquid.
- 84. a functional area including a city and its surrounding suburbs and exurbs, linked economically.
- 85. the point on the earth’s surface that corresponds to the location in the earth where an earthquake begins.
- 86. a named characteristic of broadleaf trees, such as maple, oak, birch, and cottonwood.
- 87. magma that has reached the earth’s surface.
- 88. an area that is the center of business and culture and has a large population.
- 91. the number of live births per total population, often expressed per thousand population.
- 92. the chain of volcanoes that lines the Pacific Rim
- 93. he imaginary line that encircles the globe, dividing the earth into northern and southern halves.
- 94. a regional ecosystem.
- 95. an area drained by a major river and its tributaries.
- 96. a device that measures the size of the waves created by an earthquake.
Down
- 1. the belief in a supernatural power or powers that are regarded as the creators and maintainers of the universe, as well as the system of beliefs itself.
- 2. the condition of the atmosphere at a particular location and time.
- 3. the study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human features on the earth
- 4. having no outlet to the sea.
- 6. a landmass above water on the earth.
- 9. the number of deaths among infants under age one as measured per thousand live births.
- 10. a three-dimensional representation of the earth.
- 12. a factor that draws or attracts people to another location.
- 15. a heavy snowstorm with winds of more than 35 miles per hour and reduced visibility of less than one-quarter mile.
- 16. the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country.
- 17. a political term describing an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control of its internal and external affairs.
- 20. the number of organisms a piece of land can support without negative effects.
- 22. falling water droplets in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail
- 24. also called population growth rate—the rate at which population is growing, found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate.
- 26. the hypothesis that all continents were once joined into a supercontinent that split apart over millions of years
- 28. a giant ocean wave, caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption, with great destructive power.
- 29. a set of imaginary lines that go around the earth over the poles, dividing it east and west. The prime meridian is labeled the zero-degree line for longitude.
- 31. a way to measure information collected by seismographs to determine the relative strength of an earth- quake.
- 35. each half of the globe.
- 36. the difference in elevation of a landform from the low- est point to the highest point.
- 38. weather pattern created by the warming of the waters off the west coast of South America, which pushes warm water and heavy rains toward the Americas and produces drought conditions in Australia and Asia.
- 39. the flat treeless lands forming a ring around the Arctic Ocean; the climate region of the Arctic Ocean.
- 42. the name of a territory when a nation and a state occupy the same territory.
- 44. a tropical storm, like a hurricane, that occurs in the western Pacific.
- 45. each of the two days in a year on which day and night are equal in length; marks the beginning of spring and autumn
- 46. a series of satellites that orbit more than 100 miles above the earth. Each satellite picks up data in an area 115 miles wide.
- 47. a rock layer about 1,800 miles thick that is between the earth’s crust and the earth’s core
- 49. the water held under the earth’s surface, often in and around the pores of rock.
- 50. a type of government in which citizens hold political power either directly or through elected representatives.
- 51. a group of people who share language, customs, and a common heritage.
- 54. a general reference map; a representation of natural and man-made features on the earth
- 55. the core of a city, which is almost always based on commercial activity.
- 58. the continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.
- 61. a graphic device that shows gender and age distribution of a population.
- 64. the average number of people who live in a measurable area, reached by dividing the number of inhabitants in an area by the amount of land they occupy.
- 65. the study of how people use space in cities.
- 68. an interdependent community of plants and animals.
- 69. consists of the sun and nine known planets, as well as other celestial bodies that orbit the sun.
- 70. the layer of gases released by the burning of coal and petroleum that traps solar energy, causing global temperature to increase.
- 73. another word for needleleaf trees.
- 76. permanently frozen ground.
- 79. the term used for the temperate grassland region in the Northern Hemisphere.
- 80. either of two times of year when the sun’s rays shine directly overhead at noon at the furthest points north or south, and that mark the beginning of summer and winter; in the Northern Hemisphere, the summer solstice is the longest day and the winter solstice the shortest.
- 81. taking existing elements of society and creating something new to meet a need.
- 83. a sometimes violent movement of the earth, produced when tectonic plates grind or slip past each other at a fault
- 89. a powerful funnel-shaped column of spiraling air.
- 90. Meridian: n. the imaginary line at zero meridian used to measure longitude east to west, and dividing the earth’s east and west halves; also called the Greenwich Meridian because it passes through Greenwich, England.