Across
- 2. British jointstock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism; controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
- 3. Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations; they represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners would have agreements of loyalty but would retain control over the actual land; continued into the 20th century.
- 4. (1349-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditins to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans
- 6. imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants
- 9. the devestating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases (like smallpox and measles) in the Americas following European conquest; anywhere from 50-90% of indigenous peoples were killed by European diseases
- 10. gold and silver in the form of bars
- 11. grant of land made by Spain to a Spanish settler in the Americas, including the right to use local indigenous peoples as laborers on the farm
- 15. Portugese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world
- 16. absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; often hereditary; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade
- 18. New World syncretic faith that combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Roman Catholic Christianity; the evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas; AKA voodoo
- 21. exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages.
- 22. economic system where nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold/silver and by exporting more goods than they imported; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth; prevalent from 16th - 19th centuries
- 23. Portuguese explorer; 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route for Europeans
- 24. term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent
- 26. large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) 14th to 17th century
- 28. originated in Cuba, a religion that blends African traditions and Roman Catholic beliefs/practices; evidence of the syncretism created when European and African beliefs merged in the Americas
- 29. also: joint stock companies; groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to Indian Ocean colonies
- 30. Dutch-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies
Down
- 1. any labor system that involved force (slavery, chattel slavery, serfdom, Spanish run mita system and indentured labor )
- 5. a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia led by former enslaved person Nat Turner
- 7. Spanish-born upperclass individuals who immigrated to Latin America; highest social class and given special privileges and the highest political positions in Latin America governments
- 8. economic system in Inca society where Inca subjects paid "taxes" with their labor and what they produced for a set period of time each year; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver
- 12. italian navigator who discovered the New World in 1492 in the name of Spain while searching for direct sea route to access Indian Ocean trade
- 13. threeway system of trade during 1600s-1800s whereby Africa sent enslaved people to the Americas, the Americas sent raw materials (like sugar, tobacco) to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa in exchange for enslaved Africans
- 14. Spanish-commissioned paintings that showed the racial mixing of New World families; illustrated the importance of European ancestry in the social hierarchy of Latin America
- 15. Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries
- 17. worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work
- 19. highly maneuverable used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from the 15th to 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade
- 20. exploration made up of a group of shareholders; each shareholder contributed money to the company and received some share of the companys profits and debts; used by European rulers to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade (ex: British East India Company and Dutch East Indian Company)
- 25. term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed American and European descent
- 27. descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status