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Across
  1. 3. A brief summary of a research paper, article, or study, outlining its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
  2. 7. The extent to which a test or research study measures what it claims to measure.
  3. 8. Abstract ideas or general notions that form the building blocks of theories and research. Concepts represent objects, events, or properties that share common characteristics.
  4. 11. A research method in which an independent variable is manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable, allowing for causal conclusions.
  5. 13. A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them, determining whether they are associated.
  6. 17. A logical process in which general premises lead to specific conclusions. It moves from general to specific.
  7. 19. Research conducted to solve practical problems or improve real-world conditions using scientific principles.
  8. 20. The likelihood that a result or relationship observed in a study is not due to chance.
Down
  1. 1. A logical process in which specific observations lead to broader generalizations or theories. It moves from specific to general.
  2. 2. The extent to which study findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, or situations.
  3. 4. Another term for a conceptual definition; it defines a concept using other abstract terms rather than specifying how it is measured or observed.
  4. 5. A testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
  5. 6. A definition that specifies how a concept or variable will be measured or manipulated in a study, making it testable and observable.
  6. 9. A statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data points.
  7. 10. A variable other than the independent variable that could influence the dependent variable, potentially affecting the study’s outcome.
  8. 12. A research method that aims to describe characteristics of a population, situation, or phenomenon without establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
  9. 14. The degree to which a study accurately establishes a causal relationship between variables, minimizing confounding factors.
  10. 15. Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge and understanding of a subject without immediate practical application.
  11. 16. A definition that explains a concept in theoretical terms, providing meaning based on how it relates to other concepts.
  12. 18. A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain or predict phenomena by specifying relationships among variables.