Across
- 5. Refers to the interactions and relationships among the federal, state, and local governments. This includes informal and formal arrangements, such as compacts and cooperative agreements, and the effectiveness of federalism often depends on the quality of these relationships.
- 7. An advantage of federalism that provides an additional safeguard against tyranny by dispersing governmental authority.
- 8. Powers Powers shared by both the federal and state governments (e.g., taxation, building roads).
- 10. Ensures that laws passed by both levels of government adhere to the Constitution.
- 13. A disadvantage of federalism where overlapping jurisdictions can make it difficult for citizens to understand who is responsible for what.
- 16. a crucial role in interpreting the division of powers between the federal and state governments. Landmark cases have shaped the balance of power, defining the limits of federal and state authority.
- 17. A disadvantage of federalism that can lead to disparities in laws, services, and opportunities across states.
- 20. Efforts to devolve power from the federal government back to the states, particularly since the 1970s.
- 21. Powers not delegated to the federal government nor denied to the states, which are reserved for the states or the people (e.g., regulating intrastate commerce, establishing schools).
- 22. An advantage of federalism where states can serve as "laboratories of democracy" by trying out new policies.
Down
- 1. Federal funds given to states for specific purposes, often with strict conditions (e.g., Medicaid).
- 2. (Layer Cake) Characterized by distinct spheres of authority for federal and state governments, with little overlap, prevalent from the late 18th century to the early 20th century.
- 3. (Article VI) Establishes that federal laws are supreme when in conflict with state laws, provided they are constitutional.
- 4. A contrasting system where power is centralized.
- 6. An advantage of federalism that allows governments to be more responsive to the specific needs and preferences of their populations.
- 9. Federal funds given to states for broader purposes, with more discretion for states in how they spend the money (e.g., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). Grants are a major tool for the federal government to influence state policies.
- 11. A contrasting system where power is decentralized among independent states.
- 12. (Marble Cake) Characterized by greater collaboration and shared responsibilities between federal and state governments, emerging during the New Deal era.
- 14. A system of government where power is divided between a national government and state or provincial governments. This division of power is typically outlined in a constitution.
- 15. Primarily establishes federalism in the U.S. Constitution. It enumerates specific powers for the federal government while reserving others for the states.
- 18. Both the national and state governments possess their own spheres of authority. Citizens are subject to the laws of both levels of government, and each level can act directly on the people.
- 19. Powers specifically granted to the federal government (e.g., coining money, declaring war).