Across
- 4. The layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere, extending roughly 50 to 85 km (31–53 miles) above the surface of Earth.
- 5. Caused by a divergent boundary, in which rising magma forms new oceanic crust on the seafloor at the boundaries between those plates.
- 8. An area below the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other.
- 9. A sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by a release of potential energy from the movement of tectonic plates.
- 11. A chain of islands formed by volcanoes as a result of two tectonic plates coming together and experiencing subduction
- 13. A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth’s crust.
- 18. All the land in an area that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland.
- 19. Following an El Niño event, trade winds in the South Pacific reverse strongly, causing regions that were hot and dry to become cooler and wetter
- 21. Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure
- 24. An area where two continental plates are pushed together and the colliding forces push up the crust to form a mountain range.
- 27. A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific.
- 28. A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of Earth, extending up to approximately 16 km (10 miles).
- 30. An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water.
- 31. In geology, a place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere.
- 32. The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both these processes.
- 34. Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Also known as Acid rain.
- 35. The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.
Down
- 1. Rock formed directly from magma.
- 2. A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava.
- 3. A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side
- 6. The outermost layer of the atmosphere, which extends from 600 to 10,000 km (375– 6,200 miles) above the surface of Earth.
- 7. The process in which the edge of an oceanic plate moves downward beneath the continental plate and is pushed toward the center of Earth.
- 10. The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes.
- 12. The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface
- 14. The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents.
- 15. The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.
- 16. The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10–31 miles) above the surface of Earth.
- 17. An area where one plate moves toward another plate and collides.
- 20. An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other.
- 22. The layer of the atmosphere above the mesosphere, extending 85 to 600 km (53–375 miles) above the surface of Earth.
- 23. The cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands.
- 25. Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.
- 26. The heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of Earth and decreases in volume
- 29. The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.
- 33. A series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano that causes a massive displacement of water.