Paper 1

1. A general-purpose register that temporarily stores the results of arithmetic and logic operations.
3. Systems software designed to help configure, analyse, or maintain a computer, such as a virus checker or disk formatter.
5. High-speed primary memory that uses transistors arranged as flip-flops and does not require constant refreshing.
7. A collection of data stored in separate, linked tables that are organised to reduce data redundancy and maintain consistency.
10. The process of reorganising parts of files on a hard disk so that each file occupies contiguous blocks to improve access times.
12. An automatic software check to ensure that the data entered into a computer system is reasonable and meets certain criteria.
14. An IP address that is visible to any device on the internet and allows direct access to the external network.
17. A register that holds the address of the memory location currently being read from or written to.
20. A database property that ensures all foreign keys are matched to an appropriate primary key so that no nonexistent data can be referenced.

2. All the symbols or characters that a computer system can represent, with each being assigned a unique binary number.
4. A special-purpose register that stores the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed.
6. A part of a bitmap image file that stores metadata about the image, such as the number of colours, dimensions, and file format.
8. A type of primary memory that uses transistors and capacitors and requires constant refreshing to retain data.
9. A combination of hardware and software designed for one specific task, often built into a larger machine like a washing machine or car.
11. The smallest addressable element or single square of one colour in a bitmapped image.
13. An electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical force to cause a physical action in a control system.
15. A network device that receives packets from devices or the internet and forwards them to their destination using a routing table.
16. The principle of ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data throughout its lifecycle.
18. The number of bits used to represent each colour in a bitmapped image, determining the range of colours available.
19. An IP address used for communication within a local network (LAN) that is not visible to devices on the wider internet.