Across
- 1. Tiny fragments of jagged rock, minerals, and volcanic glass blown into the air.
- 2. Distinct states of matter that have uniform physical and chemical properties.
- 5. Stress Stress that pulls on the crust and stretches rock, typically at divergent boundaries.
- 8. Wave A seismic wave that travels along or parallel to the Earth's surface.
- 13. The transfer of thermal energy between objects of different temperatures.
- 14. Igneous rock that cools and solidifies beneath the Earth's surface.
- 15. Lava Light-colored, thick lava that is high in silica and associated with explosive eruptions.
- 16. Spreading The process where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at ridges.
- 17. The rigid outer layer of Earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
- 18. A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.
- 22. Igneous rock that cools and solidifies on the Earth's surface.
- 24. Drift The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.
- 27. A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape.
- 28. The transfer of heat through direct contact between materials.
- 30. Boundary A region where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
- 31. A subatomic particle with a positive charge located in the nucleus.
- 34. Molten rock that has broken through the Earth's surface.
- 37. A measure of the energy released during an earthquake.
- 38. Stress Stress that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks, typically at convergent boundaries.
- 39. Chamber A large pool of liquid rock found beneath the surface of the Earth.
- 40. Small particles of rock, soil, and organic matter moved by wind or water.
- 42. The preserved remains or impressions of a prehistoric organism found in rock.
- 44. Energy The total kinetic energy of the particles that make up an object.
- 45. Stress Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions, typically at transform boundaries.
- 46. Boundary A region where two tectonic plates are colliding or moving toward each other.
- 50. The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element.
- 51. Flow A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that rushes down a volcano.
- 52. Rock Rock formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
- 53. Valley A lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart.
- 54. Cycle The continuous process by which rocks change from one type to another over time.
- 56. A subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus.
- 59. A pure substance consisting of only one type of atom.
- 62. A seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side.
- 63. Zone A spot where one tectonic plate is being forced down into the mantle beneath another.
- 64. Wave An elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or explosion.
- 65. A bowl-shaped depression at the top of a volcano.
- 66. An opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock and gases escape.
- 67. A smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake in the same area.
- 68. A group of atoms bonded together representing the smallest unit of a compound.
Down
- 1. The semi-fluid layer of the mantle upon which tectonic plates move.
- 3. Boundary A region where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past one another.
- 4. An instrument used to detect and record the intensity of earthquakes.
- 6. A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
- 7. Cone A small, steep-sided volcano made of loose volcanic debris.
- 9. A large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber.
- 10. A very light and porous volcanic rock formed during explosive eruptions.
- 11. Rock Rock formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles.
- 12. Lava Dark-colored, thin lava that is low in silica and flows easily over long distances.
- 16. A state of matter with a definite shape and a definite volume.
- 19. Volcano A wide volcano with gently sloping sides formed by fluid basaltic lava.
- 20. Rock Rock that has been transformed by extreme heat and pressure.
- 21. A substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together.
- 23. A conical volcano built up by many layers of hardened lava and tephra.
- 25. The process where soil loses strength and behaves like a liquid during shaking.
- 26. The exact location inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.
- 29. A light-colored, coarse-grained rock that makes up much of the continental crust.
- 32. Molten rock stored beneath the Earth's surface.
- 33. The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, often determining how lava behaves.
- 35. A fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock.
- 36. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves through space or matter.
- 41. Current The movement caused within the mantle by the heat of the core which drives plate motion.
- 43. Plate A massive, irregularly shaped slab of solid rock that makes up Earth's surface.
- 46. Lattice The symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside a crystal.
- 47. A state of matter with no definite shape or volume.
- 48. A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock that makes up most of the oceanic crust.
- 49. Ridge An underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics and seafloor spreading.
- 54. Scale A numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake.
- 55. An area in the mantle from which heat rises as a thermal plume from deep in the Earth.
- 57. The amount of mass per unit volume, which determines how tectonic plates float or subduct.
- 58. The fastest seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground.
- 59. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
- 60. A long high sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake or other disturbance.
- 61. A long, narrow, deep depression in the ocean floor created by subduction.