Across
- 1. The minimum frequency of incident radiation required to liberate an electron from the surface of a metal.
- 3. The product of the force and the time for which it acts, equal to the change in momentum. It is the area under a Force-Time graph
- 7. The maximum stress a material can withstand before breaking
- 10. When a particle and its corresponding antiparticle meet, converting their entire mass into two photons of electromagnetic radiation
- 11. An electron moving to a higher energy state
- 12. Two waves are coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency
- 13. Responsible for beta decay and quark flavor change
- 14. A fundamental particle that does not feel the Strong force
- 16. The short-range force (attractive from 0.5 to 3fm that holds nucleons together in the nucleus, overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between protons
- 23. The maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent (plastic) deformation
- 24. the amount of energy gained by a single electron when it moves through a potential difference of 1V
- 26. The minimum potential difference required to stop the highest-kinetic-energy photoelectrons from reaching the anode in a photoelectric cell
- 28. The angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees
- 30. Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
- 35. The wavelength associated with a particle (like an electron) that is moving with a specific momentum. It proves that matter has wave-like properties
- 38. A discrete packet of electromagnetic energy
- 39. Force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from a pivot.
- 40. The outer layer of an optical fiber that allows total internal reflection
- 43. An error that shifts all readings by the same amount
- 44. Force per unit cross-sectional area
- 45. In optical fibers, when rays enter at different angles, taking different paths and arriving at different times, causing pulse broadening
- 46. A hadron made of three quarks (Protons and Neutrons)
Down
- 2. Forces that all act within the same two-dimensional plane
- 4. For an object in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about a point is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments about the same point.
- 5. Light consisting of a single wavelength (and therefore a single color
- 6. The point where weight acts
- 8. A point on a stationary wave with zero amplitude
- 9. An object acted upon only by the force of gravity. Its horizontal velocity remains constant (ignoring air resistance), while its vertical motion undergoes constant acceleration
- 15. Resistance to plastic deformation or scratching
- 17. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another
- 18. Waves where oscillations are parallel to energy transfer (e.g., sound)
- 19. Restricting a transverse wave to a single plane of oscillation
- 20. A material that breaks with little or no plastic deformation (e.g., glass or cast iron)
- 21. The ratio of an object's charge to its mass
- 22. The point beyond which Hooke’s Law is no longer obeyed
- 25. A pair of equal and opposite forces acting on a body along different lines of action, causing rotation but no linear motion
- 27. A state where the resultant force and the resultant moment on an object are both zero
- 29. A measure of a material's stiffness (Stress / Strain)
- 31. A type of random error caused by viewing a measurement scale at an angle rather than head-on
- 32. The constant speed reached by a falling object when the drag force (air resistance) equals the accelerating force (weight), resulting in zero net force and zero acceleration
- 33. When a single photon of sufficient energy interactsto produce a particle and its corresponding antiparticle
- 34. The principle where two waves combine to form a resultant displacement
- 36. A quantum number that is conserved in strong interactions but can change by +1 or -1 in weak interactions (where strange quarks are created or decay)
- 37. The minimum energy to liberate an electron from a metal surface
- 41. Diagram A simplified sketch showing all the forces acting on a single object, represented as vectors originating from the center of mass
- 42. How close a series of measurements are to each other