Learning Contract 7

1. Portuguese prince who sponsored early ocean exploration in the 1400s.
4. A messenger from God who brings divine guidance; Muhammad is the final Prophet in Islam.
6. The black cube in Mecca that Muslims face when praying.
8. The leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad.
9. Islamic rules and laws derived from the Qur’an and Muhammad’s example.
11. “Struggle” in God’s way; can mean personal effort or defensive fighting in some contexts.
13. A major branch of Islam that believes leaders should come from Muhammad’s family; has various subgroups.
16. In 732 CE, Frankish forces stopped the expansion of Muslims into Western Europe.
18. A once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims try to perform if they can.
20. A place where Muslims worship.
22. The tall tower of a mosque from which the call to prayer is announced.
23. Belief that spirits exist in people, objects, and nature; not part of Islam.

2. Ancient African kingdom in the area of today’s Ethiopia/Eritrea; early Christianity and long-distance trade were important there.
3. The five main duties of a Muslim: faith, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage.
5. A triangular sail that helps ships sail against the wind, improving medieval sailing.
7. The holiest city in Islam; birthplace of Muhammad and the destination of the Hajj.
10. An old instrument used to measure the height of stars for navigation.
12. A monotheistic religion for Muslims, based on worship of Allah and the teachings of Muhammad.
14. An early Islamic shrine in Jerusalem, built around 691 CE.
15. A person who follows Islam.
17. Muhammad’s move from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, starting the Muslim calendar.
19. The holy book of Islam, believed to be God’s words as revealed to Muhammad.
21. The largest group in Islam; emphasizes following Muhammad’s example and community consensus.