20th Century Jewish History CW for SWH

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Across
  1. 2. The Israelis secretly developed their first deliverable __________________ weapon in late 1966 or early 1967 just before it initiated the Six Day War.
  2. 3. In 1973, Israel defeated an attack began by Egypt and Syria during the __________________ War. The attack occurred on the holiest day of the Jewish religious calendar. Egypt and Syria were defeated with support from the U.S.
  3. 6. The newly-created League of Nations assigned lands from the former Ottoman Empire as __________________ (pseudo-colonies) to Britain and France after World War I.
  4. 7. ___________ was the second total war of the 20th century. A total of 55 - 70 million people died during it.
  5. 9. Britain and France had the first and second--largest overseas ______________ during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
  6. 12. The main winning powers of World War II established the _________________ in 1945 to replace the failed League of Nations.
  7. 14. Israel was the _______________ country to develop nuclear weapons. The first five were the U.S. (1945), the Soviet Union (1949), the U.K. (1952), France (1960), and China (1964). Other countries developed nuclear weapons after Israel. India detonated its first nuclear weapon in 1974. Pakistan detonated its first nuclear weapon in 1998. North Korea conducted its first nuclear test in 2006. Iran may be developing nuclear weapons.
  8. 16. One of the reasons why Israel survived as a state (country) after it was established on May 14, 1948 was because U.S. President Harry S. __________________ immediately recognized Israel. The U.S. also helped it survive because it gave much military and economic aid to Israel, especially during its first 25 years of existence.
  9. 17. Jews declared the State of _________________ on May 14, 1948. It defeated Palestinian Muslims and neighboring Arab states who refused to recognize Israel. Many Palestinians left Israel to avoid the fighting and never returned.
  10. 18. During the Suez ___________ of 1956, Israel, then Britain and France occupied parts of Egypt in an attempt to stop the nationalization of the Suez Canal. Pressure from the U.S. and Soviet Union led the countries to leave Egypt. This demonstrated the decline of European powers’ influence in the Middle East and the rising influence of the two Cold War superpowers.
  11. 19. Mandates assigned to Britain after World War I included ____________________ (now Israel), Transjordan (now Jordan), and Iraq.
  12. 21. U.S. President Jimmy Carter helped negotiate the ______________ Accords in 1978. Through this agreement, Egypt agreed to formally recognize Israel in exchange for Israel’s return of the Sinai Peninsula taken during the Six Day War of 1967.
  13. 22. Through the Oslo Accords of 1993, Israel granted Palestinians limited self rule in the ______________ and Gaza Strip. However, Israel has maintained some controls over these two territories.
  14. 24. The main victorious powers of World War II included the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union and China. They made themselves the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council after the U.N. was founded in October 1945.
  15. 26. The ____________ is the acronym for a group that formed in 1964 to represent Palestinian Muslims. Early in its history it used terrorism to achieve its goals. Later it turned to more diplomatic methods.
  16. 27. The __________________ Movement refers to the movement to create a state for Jews in Palestine (now Israel). It began in 1897 with the meeting of the First Zionist Congress organized by Theodor Herzl.
  17. 28. The Islamic _______________ Empire was founded in Turkey in 1299 and reached its greatest size in the late 1600s when it controlled Turkey, the Balkan Peninsula, and much of North Africa and the Middle East.
  18. 30. Israel has had many conflicts with the small country to its north named ___________________ since the State of Israel was declared in 1948. Some of these conflicts include the Suez Crisis of 1956, the Six Day War of 1967, and the Yom Kippur War of 1973.
  19. 32. The _____________ Accords of 1993 established a land-for-peace framework for negotiations between Israelis and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
  20. 35. The one region of the Ottoman Empire that did not break free in the 1800s was the _____________________.
  21. 37. Many Jews served bravely in the ________________ forces of both Germany and Russia during World War I despite rampant antisemitism.
  22. 38. Palestinian ______________ rejected the UN. Partition Plan of November 1947. It would have divided Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state, and a U.N.-monitored zone guaranteeing free access to Jerusalem’s holy sites.
  23. 40. The French built the ____________ Canal from 1859 - 1869, and the British bought a large stake in it after is was completed.
  24. 43. The British pledged (promised) their support for the creation of a “national home” for Jews in Palestine (now Israel) in a public letter named the ________________ Declaration (1917).
  25. 44. Grassroots uprisings within Israel by Palestinian Muslims occurred in 1987 and 2000. The term for each of these uprisings is __________________________.
  26. 45. The ______________ Peninsula is in Southeastern Europe. Greece is the southernmost country in this peninsula.
  27. 46. Theodor ________________ founded (began) the Zionist Movement. He was an author, playwright, and journalist.
  28. 47. To get Arabs in Arabia to revolt against the Ottomans during World War I, the British promised them a large Arab _______________ that Arabs believed would include Palestine (now Israel).
Down
  1. 1. Since the _____________ was given limited self rule in 1993, Israel has conducted several attacks and invasions there in response to terrorist attacks and perceived terrorist threats.
  2. 4. For multiple reasons, the British gave the newly-established United Nations to the U.N. In response, the U.N. developed a _____________________ plan.
  3. 5. The Treaty of _________________ (1919) ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. Some historians believe the harshness of its terms contributed greatly to the outbreak of World War II.
  4. 8. Britain followed through on the Balfour Declaration and let jews _________________ to Palestine after World War I. The number of Jews in Palestine had already been increasing because of the Zionist movement.
  5. 10. During World War I, the British convinced Hussein Ibn Ali, Emir of Mecca, to lead an Arab _________________ against their Ottoman rulers in Arabia.
  6. 11. The main reason why the British promised Jews their support for the creation of a “national home” for Jews in Palestine was to rally global Jewish support for the war effort and increase its _______________ in the Middle East after the war.
  7. 13. Mandates assigned to France after World War I included Lebanon and _______________.
  8. 15. Despite making territorial promises to both Arabs and Jews during World War I, the British and French made the secret Sykes-Picot ______________ in 1916. Through this, they agreed to divide former Ottoman lands in the Middle East after World War I.
  9. 20. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called for the creation of a ___________________ after World War I to solve international disputes and prevent wars. It was established after the war, but the U.S. did not join it because the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the treaty ending World War I.
  10. 23. During World War II, the Nazis killed six million Jews. This is called the _________________. Initially the Nazis killed Jews out in the open as they conquered new regions. Later, they built death camps with gas chambers to hide their efforts to exterminate them.
  11. 25. The Suez Canal became the world’;s most important waterway for transporting _______________ soon after it was discovered in Persia (now Iran) in 1908. This natural resource was first discovered near Titusville, PA (the U.S.) in 1859.
  12. 29. To encourage Egypt to fulfill its promise to recognize Israel and maintain peace between the two countries, the U.S. has given Egypt substantial economic ____________ since the Camp David Accords were signed in 1978.
  13. 31. ____________________ was the world’s first total war. It lasted from 1914 - 1918 and resulted in about 10 million deaths of both combatants and civilians.
  14. 33. In 2007, a group named ______________________ gained power in the Gaza Strip through elections. It has committed terrorist acts against Israel in multiple ways since then. On October 7, 2023, it committed a brutal attack on southern Israel and took many hostages, the last of which were released in October 2025.
  15. 34. In 1939, Britain stopped Jewish immigration to Palestine just as the Nazis were greatly increasing their _________________of Jews in Germany. This term refers to the severe mistreatment of a people that is often violent.
  16. 36. Fearing an imminent threat of attack by its Arab neighbors, Israel began the ___________________ of 1967. Through this brief war, Israel gained the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt in the south, the Golan Heights from Syria in the north, and the West Bank from Jordan in the East. These became known as the Occupied Territories.
  17. 39. The main reason why France and Britain were so involved in the construction and control of the Suez Canal in northeastern Egypt was because it prevented them from having to sail around Africa to get to their colonies in the _______________ Ocean and Pacific region.
  18. 41. A ______________ war is one which mobilizes an entire society and economy for war. It also uses extremely deadly weapons and targets civilians in addition to combatants.
  19. 42. In the ________________ century, many Ottoman territories in the Balkan Peninsula gained their independence.