2D

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Across
  1. 2. Lincoln's wartime order, effective January 1, 1863, declaring enslaved people free in designated areas of rebellion.
  2. 3. Constitutional change ratified in 1868 that established birthright citizenship and equal protection under the law.
  3. 7. Postwar Southern laws designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of formerly enslaved people.
  4. 10. Pennsylvania battle in July 1863 that ended Robert E. Lee's second invasion of the North.
  5. 11. Federal agency established in 1865 to assist formerly enslaved people through relief, education, and legal support.
  6. 12. 1854 legislation organizing two western territories and allowing settlers to decide the slavery question through popular sovereignty.
  7. 14. Belief that American territorial expansion across North America was a national mission.
  8. 15. Political arrangement that resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876 and accompanied the end of federal protection for remaining Republican Southern governments.
  9. 20. Supreme Court ruling of 1857 that denied Black national citizenship and restricted Congress's power to prohibit slavery in federal territories.
  10. 21. White supremacist terrorist organization founded in Tennessee in 1866.
  11. 22. Religious revival movement that helped encourage social reform in nineteenth-century America.
  12. 23. Territorial acquisition from France in 1803 that roughly doubled the size of the United States.
  13. 24. Confrontation in which South Carolina claimed the authority to reject federal tariff laws.
Down
  1. 1. Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870 prohibiting denial of voting rights on the basis of race.
  2. 4. Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that abolished slavery throughout the United States, except as punishment for crime.
  3. 5. Federal law of 1850 that strengthened procedures for capturing and returning people accused of escaping slavery.
  4. 6. Plantation-based Southern economy built around expanding cotton production and enslaved labour.
  5. 8. Agricultural arrangement in which tenants cultivated land in exchange for a portion of the harvest.
  6. 9. Southern Democrats who claimed to restore their states from Republican Reconstruction governments.
  7. 11. Early American political party associated with Alexander Hamilton and a strong national government.
  8. 13. Economic transformation driven by expanded markets, improved transportation, and industrial production.
  9. 16. Agreement of 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
  10. 17. Forced removal of Cherokee people and other Indigenous nations from their southeastern homelands during the 1830s.
  11. 18. Shawnee leader who organized Indigenous resistance to American territorial expansion.
  12. 19. Mississippi River stronghold that surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in July 1863.