3000 module 6

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Across
  1. 3. Organism lacking a nucleus, including Archaea and Bacteria.
  2. 4. ____ factors for post-op infection include factors that compromise the immune system, or behavioural factors such as hygiene, mobility, or nutrition.
  3. 5. Looks for specific antibodies made to combat infection; more sensitive than direct analysis due to the body manufacturing more antibodies than pathogens present.
  4. 9. Untreated chronic pyelonephritis results in scarring and deformation of renal calyces and pelvis, and is a significant cause of _____ ______.
  5. 11. Contraction of a bacterium plasma membrane from the cell wall to decrease interior volume while maintaining shape, allowing it to maintain integrity in hypertonic media.
  6. 13. Component of many bacteria cells which prevents crenation in hypertonic media, or rupture in hypotonic media.
  7. 14. ____ factors for post-op infection include presence of infection at a remote site prior to surgery, inappropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis, improper skin prep or sterile technique, and foreign bodies.
  8. 17. This is a risk factor for UTIs due to the inhibition of phagocytic and diapededic activity of neutrophils in the blood.
  9. 19. When collecting a ____, it is important to ensure it is labelled with the patient ID, date and time, if the patient is on antibiotics and what kind, and the initials of the person collecting.
  10. 22. This common antibiotic resistant gram+ bacteria may spread easily in hospitals (acronym). Severe infections may cause toxic shock syndrome.
  11. 23. Inflammation of the bladder which may result from infection or trauma.
  12. 26. A protective host defence mechanism in which urine from the bladder flushes out most bacteria is known as the ______ phenomenon.
  13. 27. _____ reflux occurs when urine flows back from the bladder into the ureters, which may occur due to congenital defects or due to bladder obstruction.
  14. 28. Inflammation of the bladder reduces its capacity, resulting in urinary _____.
  15. 29. Pyelonephritis is most commonly associated from ascending gram ____ bacteria.
  16. 30. The presence of this in hospitalized patients is a major risk factor for UTI development.
  17. 32. _____ analysis analyzes the immune response to bacteria.
  18. 34. Structure produced by some bacteria in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable.
  19. 36. Pain in this region may be a symptom of cystitis.
  20. 37. UTIs may be diagnosed if there is a presence of 100,000 _____ ____ units per mL of urine.
  21. 38. Contains a singular circular chromosome in prokaryotic cells, lacking a plasma membrane.
  22. 39. Analysis of bacteria based on ____ includes the use of strain-specific antibodies and can differentiate between different strains and different species.
  23. 42. ____ factors for post-op infection include improper ventilation, contaminated surgical attire or equipment, or improper hand hygiene among the surgical team.
  24. 44. Most common trigger of bacterial movement in response to chemical gradients.
  25. 45. Protective urogenital flora species in females which metabolizes glycogen.
  26. 48. Blood in the urine which may result from bladder ulcerations due to infection.
  27. 51. Group ____ is a method of transporting substances into bacterial cells against their concentration gradient, in which bacteria chemically modify the substance to make the gradient more favourable for transport.
  28. 55. ____ _____ bacteria have a cell wall consisting of many peptidoglycan layers and may appear purple with staining.
  29. 58. An opportunistic infection arising from normal body flora is considered this.
  30. 60. Analysis of bacteria based on ____ is faster than phenotype and detects small amounts of a microorganism by examining its DNA.
  31. 61. Most common infectious agent in urinary tract infections. Gram negative.
  32. 62. Cytoplasmic structure within some prokaryotes allowing for nutrient storage.
  33. 63. Strain of infectious agent; some more likely to cause infection than others.
  34. 64. Asymptomatic _____ typically does not indicate treatment measures, except in pregnant women or people undergoing urological procedures with mucosal trauma.
  35. 69. An infection is considered ____ if the infectious agent migrates from outer surface inward and up the body.
  36. 72. ____ analysis analayzes pathogens or its products based on phenotype, genotype, or serotype.
  37. 73. Lower UTIs may be ____ due to persistence or reinfection.
  38. 75. Major component of bacterial cell walls which is often a target of antibiotics and antigens.
  39. 76. Cell wall synthesis inhibitor that targets gram positive bacteria resistant to beta-lactams; typically restricted in use.
  40. 78. Class of drug also known as a cell wall inhibitor.
  41. 79. _____ obstructions include urinary tract stones, prostatic hyperplasia, pregnancy, and certain urinary structure malformations.
  42. 80. When a bacteria is metabolically active, it is considered _____.
Down
  1. 1. _____ reflux occurs when urine flows back from the urethra into the bladder which may occur in females with coughing, squatting, or abrupt interruption of voiding.
  2. 2. Presence of white blood cells in urine, often causing a cloudy appearance.
  3. 6. Burning or pain with urination; frequent symptom of acute cystitis.
  4. 7. UTIs that are ____ are more difficult to treat and tend to be associated with obstructive uropathy or reflux.
  5. 8. Upper UTI affecting the parenchyma and pelvis of the kidney; may present with lower UTI symptoms as well as kidney pain.
  6. 10. Structures used by prokaryotic cells to move in liquid environments.
  7. 12. Urinary _____ increases the risk of UTI development by providing a medium for microbial growth.
  8. 15. Minimal bactericidal _____ or minimal inhibitory _____ tests expose bacteria to different antibiotic concentrations to determine the minimal amount of antibiotic to slow or kill a microbe.
  9. 16. Decrease in estrogen which increases the risk of UTI in women.
  10. 18. A vital part of patient teaching is ensuring they take the full antibiotic _____.
  11. 20. Antibiotic overuse and resultant rapid bacterial evolution results in antimicrobial ______.
  12. 21. This hormone in pregnant women increases the risk of UTI development due to smooth muscle relaxation, reducing peristaltic activity in the ureters.
  13. 24. Content of some prokaryotic cells which contain extrachromosomal DNA molecules, often carrying genes with advantageous traits (such as antibiotic resistance).
  14. 25. Possible symptom of UTI in older adults.
  15. 28. _____ obstructions include neurogenic bladder, voiding infrequency, detrustor muscle istability, and constipation.
  16. 31. Process by which metabolically active cells transform into a dormant state.
  17. 33. ____ _____ bacteria have a complex cell envelope structure which emits an endotoxin, contributing to symptoms such as fever, hemorrhage, and septic shock.
  18. 35. Culture and ____ is used to identify the type of pathogen and the type of antimicrobial agent most likely to be effective.
  19. 40. This fluid in males contains immunoglobulins which provide some protection from UTI development.
  20. 41. Antibiotics are considered _____ if they kill bacteria.
  21. 43. Antibiotics are considered _____ if they slow the growth of bacteria.
  22. 46. Specimen collection is best done during the ____ phase, when a patient is exhibiting specific signs and symptoms.
  23. 47. A UTI is considered ____ if infection occurs without comorbidities or structural abnormalities.
  24. 49. This test is considered the "gold standard" of UTI diagnosis; detects the presence of specific microorganisms in urine.
  25. 50. Bacterial characteristics including cell or colony shape, biochemical traits (metabolism, toxins), or gram stain. The "gold standard" of lab tests.
  26. 52. This may be prevented by using closed drainage systems, careful attention to perineal hygiene, careful hygiene, catheter care, and early detection and treatment (acronym).
  27. 53. An infection is considered _____ if the infectious agent travels in blood or lymph to make its way to target organs.
  28. 54. _____ factors are characteristics which help microbes evade host defences to produce disease.
  29. 56. Clinical manifestations of upper UTI include abrupt onset of chills, high fever, and ache/tenderness at the _____ angle.
  30. 57. Process by which a dormant bacteria cell resumes metabolic activity.
  31. 59. Method in which an agar plate of bacteria is exposed to a variety of antibiotics to determine its resistance to varying types of antibiotic.
  32. 64. Colony of microbes forming in layers on surfaces. Layering assists in resisting the action of antibiotics and host immune defences.
  33. 65. An infection arising from foreign bacteria is considered this.
  34. 66. Structure enclosing the cytoplasm and internal cell structures.
  35. 67. Urine test that detects the presence of leukocyte esterase (produced by WBCs) or nitrites (produced by some bacteria).
  36. 68. Sugar coat outside of some prokaryotic cells that allows cells to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms.
  37. 70. Examines blood cell characteristics to determine the type of infection and thus, the type of lab test and treatment that may be needed (acronym).
  38. 71. Bacteria are considered this if recurrent infections occur due to an infectious source.
  39. 74. Urine is typically _____ due to urea, making it hostile to bacterial growth.
  40. 77. Infection of urinary structures including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and/or urethra (acronym).