Across
- 5. person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was an American-born descendent of Spanish settlers
- 7. (c. 1485–1547) was a Spanish landowner in Cuba and conquistador who in 1518 led an expedition to Mexico. Allied with some Native American groups, he conquered the Aztec empire, including its capital Tenochititlán in 1521. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1522 appointed him governor of New Spain, but Cortés was eventually removed from power and retired to Spain in 1540.
- 9. formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense
- 10. a war fought between groups of people in the same nation
- 11. resistance, such as the power to keep from being affected by a disease
- 12. person in Spain’s colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and European descent
- 13. Dutch, English, and French pirates who preyed on treasure ships from the Americas in the 1500s, operating with the approval of European governments
- 16. “conqueror” in Spanish; a leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the sixteenth century
- 17. representative of the king of Spain or of the British monarch who ruled colonies in their names
- 18. a worker forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt that is impossible to pay off in his or her lifetime, which is incurred by food, tool, or seeds the landlord has advanced to him or her
- 19. Native American group encountered by Columbus when he first arrived in the West Indies
Down
- 1. (c.1501–1550) was a young Indian woman, called Donã Marina by the Spanish, who spoke Maya and Aztec languages, learned Spanish, and served as Cortés’s translator and advisor during his conquest of Mexico. Malinche converted to Christianity, later married one of Cortés’s soldiers, and visited Spain, where she enjoyed a friendly reception at the Spanish court.
- 2. (c. 1474–July 17, 1566) was a Dominican priest and historian famed as an early advocate for human rights in the Americas. Knowing the evils suffered by Native Americans under the encomienda system, his vivid reports of abuses helped the passage of laws prohibiting enslavement and abuse in 1542. He spent the rest of his life fighting for the rights of peoples in the Americas.
- 3. (c. 1476–June 26, 1541) was born into a very poor Spanish family and in 1513 joined Balboa’s expedition to discover the “South Sea.” In 1532, he arrived in Peru with his brothers, deposed the Incan ruler Atahualpa, conquered Peru, founded Lima in 1535, and was later assassinated by Spanish rivals.
- 4. member of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas
- 6. in Spain's colonies in the Americas, person who was of African and European descent
- 8. capital city of the Aztec empire, on which modern-day Mexico City was built
- 14. (1466–c. June 30, 1520) was the last Aztec emperor, who mistakenly thought that the conquistador Cortés might be the god-king Quetzalcoatl. He was defeated by Cortés and forced to sign over his land and treasure. He was taken prisoner and killed as the Aztecs attempted to drive the Spanish from Tenochtitlán.
- 15. the right, granted by Spanish monarchs to conquistadors, to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area