Across
- 1. the processing of information into the memory system
- 4. organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
- 6. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
- 10. a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
- 13. estimation of the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common
- 16. the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
- 18. the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
- 21. the encoding of picture images
- 23. the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
- 25. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word(such as a prefix)
- 26. the stage in speech development, from age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
- 28. in psychoanalytical theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts,feelings, memories
- 32. the tendency to be more confident than correct-to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgement
- 36. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
- 43. the relatively permanent and limitless storage of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
- 44. clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- 46. a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy based solutions
- 49. the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
- 50. unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well- learned information, such as word meaning
- 51. a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
- 53. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; speedier, but more error-prone
- 55. the tendency to think of things in only terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
- 57. activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
- 58. the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgement
Down
- 2. a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
- 3. a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few seconds
- 5. the disruptive effect of new information on the recall of old information
- 6. an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
- 7. retention independent of conscious recollection(also called non-declarative or procedural memory)
- 8. mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
- 9. an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
- 11. the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
- 12. a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
- 14. beginning about 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements
- 15. encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
- 17. beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
- 19. the set of rules in which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning
- 20. memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"(also called declarative memory)
- 22. the retention of encoded information over time
- 24. in a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
- 27. the disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
- 29. in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
- 30. encoding of sound, especially sound of words
- 31. the process of getting information out of storage
- 33. attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about,or imagined. Is also the heard of many false memories.
- 34. the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
- 35. incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
- 37. our tendency to recall best the last and first terms in a list
- 38. the encoding of meaning, especially word meanings
- 39. a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
- 40. early speech in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs
- 41. the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
- 42. memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
- 45. a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
- 47. that eerie "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
- 48. a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
- 52. the loss of memory
- 54. the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
- 56. our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning