Across
- 1. forces that shape the land’s surface by building up mountains & other landmasses.
- 5. The layer of the Earth located beneath the crust, composed of semi-solid rock that flows slowly.
- 7. Information about the Earth's past climate, inferred from geological records, which can support theories related to plate tectonics.
- 10. Plates Large sections of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other.
- 15. A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, leading to the formation of mountains, trenches, or volcanic activity.
- 18. Waves of energy that travel through the Earth, generated by earthquakes or other seismic events.
- 19. The study of the magnetic properties of rocks to understand the historical movements of tectonic plates.
- 22. scientist that discovered sea-floor spreading
- 23. The process by which one tectonic plate is forced under another plate, often leading to volcanic activity and earthquakes.
- 25. A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults.
- 29. A series of ocean waves caused by large underwater disturbances such as earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
- 30. scientist that developed the idea of continental drift
- 31. An opening in the sea floor that releases heated water and minerals, typically found near tectonic plate boundaries.
- 33. The eruption of magma from the Earth's interior, often associated with tectonic plate boundaries.
- 35. A location in the mantle where heat causes the melting of rock, leading to volcanic activity, independent of plate boundaries.
- 36. A major area in the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to tectonic activity.
- 38. A deep, narrow depression in the ocean floor formed at convergent plate boundaries where one plate subducts beneath another.
- 39. An underwater mountain range formed by seafloor spreading at a divergent boundary in the Atlantic Ocean.
Down
- 2. A lowland region formed by the divergence of tectonic plates, often characterized by volcanic activity.
- 3. The edges where two tectonic plates meet, where geological activity such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur.
- 4. The study of the structure and movement of the Earth's crust and the forces that shape it.
- 6. Evidence from fossils that helps to determine historical biological distribution and support theories of plate movements.
- 8. The theory that continents move slowly over the Earth's surface, changing their positions over time.
- 9. The rigid outer part of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
- 11. The outermost layer of the Earth, which is solid and relatively thin compared to the underlying layers.
- 12. A large continuous mass of land conventionally regarded as a collective region, distinct from islands.
- 13. Molten rock located beneath the Earth's surface that can form volcanoes when it erupts.
- 14. A natural hot spring that periodically erupts with steam and hot water, often found in volcanic regions.
- 16. A fracture in the Earth's crust where blocks of rock have moved past each other due to tectonic forces.
- 17. The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and older crust is pushed away.
- 20. A series of volcanic islands formed at a convergent boundary, typically where an oceanic plate subducts under another oceanic plate.
- 21. Information collected from seismic waves that helps scientists understand earthquakes and plate movements.
- 24. The movement of molten rock in the mantle caused by heat from the Earth's interior, which drives plate movements.
- 26. A tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide past one another, causing earthquakes.
- 27. A tectonic plate boundary where two plates move apart, often resulting in seafloor spreading.
- 28. The geographic spread of fossils found in different locations, which can provide evidence for historical plate movements.
- 32. A diagram that shows a vertical slice through the Earth, illustrating the layers and features related to tectonic plates.
- 34. The semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere where convection currents occur, allowing tectonic plates to move.
- 37. forces that destroy and wear away landmasses through process like erosion and weathering