Advanced OSI Terminology

3. Communication that allows data to flow in both directions simultaneously at Layer 1.
7. A type of operation that can be performed multiple times without changing the result (often in Application Layer APIs).
10. The physical or logical arrangement of a network (Bus, Star, Mesh) at Layer 1/2.
11. The process of numbering segments so they can be reassembled in order.
13. The practice of dividing a network into smaller, logical sub-networks at Layer 3.
17. Session Layer task that adds checkpoints to long data streams.
18. The action taken by TCP when a segment is lost or unacknowledged.
19. The unique 48-bit hex identifier burned into a Network Interface Card.

1. The delay that occurs as data travels through different layers and physical media.
2. The boundary between adjacent layers where they exchange information.
3. Mechanism used by Layer 4 to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.
4. The Transport Layer process of handling multiple conversations over one connection.
5. A common translation task performed at the Presentation Layer.
6. The type of "handshake" TCP uses to establish a connection.
8. The actual amount of data transmitted over a period of time, often less than bandwidth.
9. Used at the Transport Layer to direct data to the correct application (e.g., 80, 443).
12. A mathematical value in a header used to detect if data was corrupted during transit.
14. A state at the Network Layer where there is more data than the network can handle.
15. A legacy device that connects two LAN segments at the Data Link Layer.
16. The negotiation process between two devices to establish communication parameters.