african city states

2. The activity of buying and selling goods and services, especially on a large scale. Commerce was a fundamental aspect of African city-states, which often served as major trading hubs facilitating the exchange of goods across regions and civilizations.
6. Defensive structures built to protect a city or settlement from external threats, such as attacks from rival states or invaders. Many African city-states constructed fortifications, such as walls, ramparts, and moats, to defend against hostile forces.
7. A sovereign state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. In the context of Africa, city-states were urban centers that served as political and economic hubs within their regions.
9. The buying and selling of goods and services, often involving the exchange of commodities between different regions or civilizations. African city-states were often involved in extensive trade networks, both within the continent and with external regions such as the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
10. A formal agreement or partnership between two or more parties for mutual benefit or protection. African city-states often formed alliances with neighboring states or foreign powers to bolster their military strength or secure trade routes.

1. The authority of a state to govern itself and make decisions independently, without interference from external forces. African city-states exercised varying degrees of sovereignty over their territories, often competing with neighboring states for power and resources.
3. The customs, beliefs, social institutions, and achievements of a particular group of people. African city-states were centers of cultural exchange, where ideas, traditions, and technologies were shared among diverse populations.
4. The process of population concentration in urban areas, typically associated with the growth of cities and towns. African city-states experienced significant urbanization as people migrated to these centers in search of economic opportunities and protection.
5. A sequence of rulers from the same family or line of descent. Some African city-states were ruled by dynastic monarchies, where power was passed down through generations within a ruling family.
8. A social and political system characterized by the exchange of land for loyalty and military service. While not as prevalent in Africa as in other regions, some African city-states exhibited feudalistic tendencies, with rulers granting land and privileges to vassals in exchange for their allegiance and support.