Across
- 5. cage should have enough space so that animals can display ________ postures
- 6. most lab rodents are __________. Photoperiod should be adjusted accordingly.
- 10. sendai virus – an immune mediated reaction. Little direct viral damage. Severe necrosis and inflammation caused by ____-mediated immune response.
- 14. epizootic infections of MHV – both enterotropic and polytrophic strains cause 100% _________ in neonates, and are usually subclinical in adults.
- 15. athymic mice are nude and have no __ _______ (2 words).
- 16. mouse ________ virus is a coronavirus that is highly infectious. Two different biotypes – enterotrophic and polytrophic.
- 17. __________ mice – inbred mice that have developed spontaneous genetic mutations.
- 21. knock in/out mice. Genes are inserted or removed from genome.
- 22. ________ should be controlled. Animals have keen sense of smell. Terminal pheromones released by dying animal > stress for others.
- 23. two methods of sentinel testing: 1. Dirty-_________ transfer (most effective at detecting pathogens transferred by fecal-oral route). 2. Contact (best for other route transmission – use castrated males (no chance of preg), however requires more animals than dirty-_________ method.
- 25. _____ (severe combined immunodeficiency) – these mice lack mature B and T cells.
- 27. clean spaces have a ___________ air pressure, so air flows out, NOT IN.
- 28. the fabric of the facility should be durable, moisture and vermin proof, and have non-______ paints and finishes.
- 29. ___________ __________ ______ (SPF) mice can be either high status – free of 20 different bugs, or low status – free of only about 5. Detected by routine lab tests.
- 33. some research may have specific _______ (microbial and immunological state) and genetic (eg mutant/inbred/transgenic) requirements for the animals.
- 34. we want ‘______’ animals – specified genetics, background, phenotype, health status, environmental conditions.
- 35. rabbits and some rodents exhibit ____________ (eating of partially digested fecal matter).
- 38. the dirty-bedding method is the most ________ method for sentinel testing of lab animals.
- 39. research may require _________ strains of mice – brother sister matings for greater than 20 generations produces genetic homozygosity (AA or aa).
- 40. rodents in general prefer ____ light intensity.
- 44. inbred mice that have developed _______________ genetic mutations are called mutant mice.
- 46. the pattern of infection of MHV that involves _____ (4-6 wk) naive susceptible animals is ENZOOTIC.
- 48. water may be acidified to prevent ___________ growth. May be treated with chlorine (eventually gases off).
- 51. ______ virus is a parainfluenza virus. It is the virus most likely to cause clinical disease. Highly infectious. In rats, hamsters, GPs. Exacerbated with concurrent respiratory infection. Immune mediated disease.
- 54. sendai virus is a descending infection of the _________ tract. Targets airway epithelium and type II alveolar cells. Viremia is rare.
- 57. sources of microbiological introduction include incoming animals, biological materials, contaminated feed/water/bedding/equipment/instruments/air, and of course, ______
- 58. an F1 ________ occurs when two inbred mouse strains are crossed.
- 59. patterns of infection of mouse hepatitis virus are epizootic (rapid spread of infecton > clinical disease > shedding > protective immune response > elimination of virus) and __________ (neonates protected > infected when 4-6 weeks > shedding > active immune response > elimination of virus).enzootic is subclinical.
- 60. sendai virus is an _______ mediated disease. There is little direct damage by virus.
- 62. transgenic mice are those who have had a gene __________ out or in (inserted/removed)
- 63. germ-free isolators (plastic vinyl bubbles) are ___________ and labour intensive. Used for mice that are immunodeficient.
- 65. dirty areas have a ___________ air pressure, so air flows IN, not out.
- 66. gnotobiotic animals need autoclaved feed – increased concentration of __________ and antioxidants.
Down
- 1. _______ mouse classifications are: outbred, inbred, F1 hybrid, transgenic and mutant.
- 2. in immunodeficient mice, polytrophic MHV causes _________, whereas enterotropic is mostly subclinical (some ________ possible).
- 3. ______ - free isolators are types of cages that have positive-pressure and are completely enclosed. Flexible plastic vinyl bubbles. Work through sleeved gloves sealed to ports.
- 4. there are two main types of HEPA cage change cabinets – 1. Clean bench (moves air from back of cabinet to opening (protects the _________). 2. Class II type A biological safety cabinets (protects both the envionrment outside station, and the ____________)
- 7. the location of the facility should be separate from offices and near to but separate from lab spaces, away from noise/vibration and have _________ access (swipe cards, surveillance, alarms)
- 8. _________ mice (microbial classification)are completely germ free. No immune system. Couldn’t survive if didn’t live in bubble.
- 9. __________ (‘guard’) mice may be used to check for disease in mouse populations. Best to use outbred mice (robust immune response), and female mice or castrated males(less chance of fighting/pregnancy respectively).
- 11. breeding _______ stocks of mice involves mating unrelated mice to maintain genetic diversity eg Swiss-Webster.
- 12. cage flooring can be ______, perforated or slatted, and should be slip resistant.
- 13. __________________ classifications of mice – immunocompetent, immunodeficient (athymic, SCID, NOD SCID gamma).
- 18. IVCs may have supply only, or supply and exhaust. Supply and exhaust systems may provide a negative air _________ in the cage (containment of disease) or positive _________ (barrier to disease entry).
- 19. _____________ mice have a known microbial flora. Live in bubble
- 20. ___________ strains of MHV replicate in URT mucosa > viremia and dissemination to other organs (not intestine) along with potential direct invasion of the brain along olfactory nerve.
- 24. feed is ______ irradiated to avoid intro of food-borne pathogens.
- 26. guinea pigs have a high Vit C requirement, and need lots of ______ (in lucerne hay)
- 30. ____________ strains of MHV replicate in nasal and intestinal epithelium (in highly differentiated enterocytes) > viremia with dissemination to other organs possible.
- 31. ______________ of mouse parvovirus is low, even between cage mates.
- 32. ___ ____ ______ (3 words) lack mature B and T cells, NK cells, complement. Most immunodeficient type of mouse.
- 33. there should be 10-15 air changes per _____ in animal rooms (ventilation). Minimise draughts and temp gradients.
- 36. the three big mouse viruses are : mouse ___________ (MPV), Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Sendai virus.
- 37. inbreeding of mice produces ____________ (aa or AA) when brothers and sisters are bred for 20+ generations.
- 41. types of ________ include: 1. Solid bottomed shoebox _____, 2. Open top vs filter top (Microisolator), 3. Static vs individually ventilating cage (IVC), 4. Germ-free isolators
- 42. a fundamental aim of animal experiements is to have a set of animals that are all standardised which will give consistent, reliable results that can be ____________.
- 43. temperature and ____________ should be controlled. __________ should be between 30-70%.
- 45. Enzootic pattern of infection in mice of MHV is ____________ (not clinically detected).
- 47. ___________ classifications of mice – specific pathogen free, conventional, gnotobiotic, axenic.
- 49. the facility should have ____________ plans in case of fire/flood/earthquake etc. Staff should be trained to euthanase if necessary
- 50. mouse hepatitis virus is spread via _____-oral transmission. No vertical transmission (to offspring).
- 52. rodents and rabbits have teeth that are constantly _________ > watch out for malocclusion
- 53. MHV has a _____ prevalence in infected colonies( ~100%), whereas MPV has a low prevalence in infected colonies.
- 55. conventional mice – not known to be free of ___________ - stress caused by experimental status may trigger a subclinical disease to manifest in treatment group. (therefore not really good to use).
- 56. microfiltration of water removes everything except ________. Ultrafiltation and reverse osmosis are also used to treat and filter potable water.
- 61. static microisolators need to be cleaned _______ often than IVCs (individually ventilated cages). This has advantages – less moisture/CO2/ammonia etc, but also disadvantages – not as much surveillance by keepers – disease incidence harder to detect as soon as possible
- 64. endoparasites include ___worms (tape test on perianal region). Ectoparasites include mites (scrape test).