AHPS: Week 5 - Lab Animals 2.

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Across
  1. 3. sources of microbiological introduction include incoming animals, biological materials, contaminated feed/water/bedding/equipment/instruments/air, and of course, ______
  2. 5. the fabric of the facility should be durable, moisture and vermin proof, and have non-______ paints and finishes.
  3. 7. cage flooring can be ______, perforated or slatted, and should be slip resistant.
  4. 8. gnotobiotic animals need autoclaved feed – increased concentration of __________ and antioxidants.
  5. 9. MHV has a _____ prevalence in infected colonies( ~100%), whereas MPV has a low prevalence in infected colonies.
  6. 11. the dirty-bedding method is the most ________ method for sentinel testing of lab animals.
  7. 14. dirty areas have a ___________ air pressure, so air flows IN, not out.
  8. 15. the facility should have ____________ plans in case of fire/flood/earthquake etc. Staff should be trained to euthanase if necessary
  9. 17. _____________ mice have a known microbial flora. Live in bubble
  10. 19. ______ - free isolators are types of cages that have positive-pressure and are completely enclosed. Flexible plastic vinyl bubbles. Work through sleeved gloves sealed to ports.
  11. 20. a fundamental aim of animal experiements is to have a set of animals that are all standardised which will give consistent, reliable results that can be ____________.
  12. 23. inbreeding of mice produces ____________ (aa or AA) when brothers and sisters are bred for 20+ generations.
  13. 26. ___________ __________ ______ (SPF) mice can be either high status – free of 20 different bugs, or low status – free of only about 5. Detected by routine lab tests.
  14. 31. cage should have enough space so that animals can display ________ postures
  15. 33. research may require _________ strains of mice – brother sister matings for greater than 20 generations produces genetic homozygosity (AA or aa).
  16. 34. germ-free isolators (plastic vinyl bubbles) are ___________ and labour intensive. Used for mice that are immunodeficient.
  17. 36. ___________ classifications of mice – specific pathogen free, conventional, gnotobiotic, axenic.
  18. 38. mouse ________ virus is a coronavirus that is highly infectious. Two different biotypes – enterotrophic and polytrophic.
  19. 39. two methods of sentinel testing: 1. Dirty-_________ transfer (most effective at detecting pathogens transferred by fecal-oral route). 2. Contact (best for other route transmission – use castrated males (no chance of preg), however requires more animals than dirty-_________ method.
  20. 40. ______________ of mouse parvovirus is low, even between cage mates.
  21. 41. epizootic infections of MHV – both enterotropic and polytrophic strains cause 100% _________ in neonates, and are usually subclinical in adults.
  22. 42. in immunodeficient mice, polytrophic MHV causes _________, whereas enterotropic is mostly subclinical (some ________ possible).
  23. 45. ___________ strains of MHV replicate in URT mucosa > viremia and dissemination to other organs (not intestine) along with potential direct invasion of the brain along olfactory nerve.
  24. 46. the pattern of infection of MHV that involves _____ (4-6 wk) naive susceptible animals is ENZOOTIC.
  25. 47. there should be 10-15 air changes per _____ in animal rooms (ventilation). Minimise draughts and temp gradients.
  26. 50. ___ ____ ______ (3 words) lack mature B and T cells, NK cells, complement. Most immunodeficient type of mouse.
  27. 52. rodents and rabbits have teeth that are constantly _________ > watch out for malocclusion
  28. 53. rodents in general prefer ____ light intensity.
  29. 54. there are two main types of HEPA cage change cabinets – 1. Clean bench (moves air from back of cabinet to opening (protects the _________). 2. Class II type A biological safety cabinets (protects both the envionrment outside station, and the ____________)
  30. 55. patterns of infection of mouse hepatitis virus are epizootic (rapid spread of infecton > clinical disease > shedding > protective immune response > elimination of virus) and __________ (neonates protected > infected when 4-6 weeks > shedding > active immune response > elimination of virus).enzootic is subclinical.
  31. 56. we want ‘______’ animals – specified genetics, background, phenotype, health status, environmental conditions.
  32. 57. Enzootic pattern of infection in mice of MHV is ____________ (not clinically detected).
  33. 58. sendai virus is an _______ mediated disease. There is little direct damage by virus.
  34. 59. some research may have specific _______ (microbial and immunological state) and genetic (eg mutant/inbred/transgenic) requirements for the animals.
  35. 61. athymic mice are nude and have no __ _______ (2 words).
  36. 64. knock in/out mice. Genes are inserted or removed from genome.
Down
  1. 1. guinea pigs have a high Vit C requirement, and need lots of ______ (in lucerne hay)
  2. 2. ______ virus is a parainfluenza virus. It is the virus most likely to cause clinical disease. Highly infectious. In rats, hamsters, GPs. Exacerbated with concurrent respiratory infection. Immune mediated disease.
  3. 3. clean spaces have a ___________ air pressure, so air flows out, NOT IN.
  4. 4. conventional mice – not known to be free of ___________ - stress caused by experimental status may trigger a subclinical disease to manifest in treatment group. (therefore not really good to use).
  5. 6. breeding _______ stocks of mice involves mating unrelated mice to maintain genetic diversity eg Swiss-Webster.
  6. 10. temperature and ____________ should be controlled. __________ should be between 30-70%.
  7. 12. the three big mouse viruses are : mouse ___________ (MPV), Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Sendai virus.
  8. 13. endoparasites include ___worms (tape test on perianal region). Ectoparasites include mites (scrape test).
  9. 15. ____________ strains of MHV replicate in nasal and intestinal epithelium (in highly differentiated enterocytes) > viremia with dissemination to other organs possible.
  10. 16. static microisolators need to be cleaned _______ often than IVCs (individually ventilated cages). This has advantages – less moisture/CO2/ammonia etc, but also disadvantages – not as much surveillance by keepers – disease incidence harder to detect as soon as possible
  11. 18. water may be acidified to prevent ___________ growth. May be treated with chlorine (eventually gases off).
  12. 21. mouse hepatitis virus is spread via _____-oral transmission. No vertical transmission (to offspring).
  13. 22. _______ mouse classifications are: outbred, inbred, F1 hybrid, transgenic and mutant.
  14. 24. types of ________ include: 1. Solid bottomed shoebox _____, 2. Open top vs filter top (Microisolator), 3. Static vs individually ventilating cage (IVC), 4. Germ-free isolators
  15. 25. sendai virus is a descending infection of the _________ tract. Targets airway epithelium and type II alveolar cells. Viremia is rare.
  16. 27. __________________ classifications of mice – immunocompetent, immunodeficient (athymic, SCID, NOD SCID gamma).
  17. 28. rabbits and some rodents exhibit ____________ (eating of partially digested fecal matter).
  18. 29. _________ mice (microbial classification)are completely germ free. No immune system. Couldn’t survive if didn’t live in bubble.
  19. 30. most lab rodents are __________. Photoperiod should be adjusted accordingly.
  20. 32. __________ mice – inbred mice that have developed spontaneous genetic mutations.
  21. 35. _____ (severe combined immunodeficiency) – these mice lack mature B and T cells.
  22. 37. the location of the facility should be separate from offices and near to but separate from lab spaces, away from noise/vibration and have _________ access (swipe cards, surveillance, alarms)
  23. 43. an F1 ________ occurs when two inbred mouse strains are crossed.
  24. 44. feed is ______ irradiated to avoid intro of food-borne pathogens.
  25. 45. IVCs may have supply only, or supply and exhaust. Supply and exhaust systems may provide a negative air _________ in the cage (containment of disease) or positive _________ (barrier to disease entry).
  26. 48. transgenic mice are those who have had a gene __________ out or in (inserted/removed)
  27. 49. ________ should be controlled. Animals have keen sense of smell. Terminal pheromones released by dying animal > stress for others.
  28. 51. inbred mice that have developed _______________ genetic mutations are called mutant mice.
  29. 60. __________ (‘guard’) mice may be used to check for disease in mouse populations. Best to use outbred mice (robust immune response), and female mice or castrated males(less chance of fighting/pregnancy respectively).
  30. 62. sendai virus – an immune mediated reaction. Little direct viral damage. Severe necrosis and inflammation caused by ____-mediated immune response.
  31. 63. microfiltration of water removes everything except ________. Ultrafiltation and reverse osmosis are also used to treat and filter potable water.