Across
- 2. misrepresenting opponents' arguments in order to respond to them more easily
- 4. an error in reasoning or argument, which is misleading and deceptive, whether intentional or not
- 7. appeals to emotion
- 9. thinking that considers multiple dimensions if a problem and reasons within multiple points of view
- 15. contrary to ones reason or logic, not attempting to use reason
- 16. an argument or line of reasoning that is contrary to, inconsistent with, or negate other parts of an argument
- 18. arguments often make use of analogies. Even imperfect can strengthen an argument, but a wild analogy which lacks significant points of similarity constitutes a weakness in reasoning
- 21. critising opponents personally instead of responding to their arguments
Down
- 1. willingness to consider all viewpoints and to asses them fairly, impartially , without bias
- 3. appeals to the speaker's status or authority
- 5. basing a generalization on inadequate evidence
- 6. claiming that just because one event or phenomenon follows another or is accompanied by another it must be caused by the other
- 8. opposing an apparently moderate proposal by alleging that it will inevetiably leas to disastrous consequences
- 10. a claim or truth that follows from other claims or truths, an effect that is reasonably inferred
- 11. expressing facts or truth; free from errors or distortion
- 12. concealing a step in reasoning by tacitly shifting from one meaning of a word or expression to another
- 13. recognizing the limits of ones knowledge and viewpoint, and being cautiously introspective of ones possible egocentrism, bias prejudice , or self-deception
- 14. a system of principles or rules used in reasoning, rational explanation or justification
- 17. appeals to the audience’s reason, building up logical arguments
- 19. to break up a whole question, argument, or issue into its parts, in order to examine it parts or aspects
- 20. data, facts, observations, or examples that give support to inference or conclusion or by which proof or probability can be established
