Across
- 3. ___ bias. The tendency to seek out more information than needed, even when it does not affect a decision.
- 5. A statement given to justify a conclusion.
- 8. Opposing an apparently moderate proposal by alleging that it will inevitably lead to disastrous consequences.
- 12. Appeal to ___. A fallacy that claims something is true or good because many people believe it or do it.
- 13. The quality of being trusted and believed.
- 14. A set of reasons given to persuade others of a conclusion.
- 15. A tendency to favor one perspective over another, often unconsciously.
- 17. Specialized knowledge or skill in a particular field.
- 18. The quality of holding steady principles without contradiction.
- 19. Confirmation that multiple independent sources agree on a claim.
- 21. Appeal to ___. A fallacy that argues something is correct simply because it has been done that way for a long time.
- 24. A claim made in opposition to another claim.
- 26. The process of extracting shared qualities from specific instances to form a broad concept or rule.
- 30. Arguments that rely on non-logical means to persuade.
- 33. The absence of bias or favoritism toward any side.
- 34. Claiming that just because one event follows another it must be caused by the other.
- 36. ___ fallacy. Continuing a course of action because of past investments of time, money, or effort, even when it is no longer rational.
- 38. Concealing a step in reasoning by tacitly shifting from one meaning of a word or expression to another.
- 39. Concealing a step in reasoning by treating two words or expressions as if they were interchangeable even though their meanings are different.
- 40. A personal stake in an outcome that may affect impartiality.
- 41. Appeal to ___. A fallacy that uses strong feelings like fear, pity, or anger instead of logic to persuade.
Down
- 1. A piece of information used to distract.
- 2. Relying on a claim in order to prove it.
- 4. ___ bias. The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
- 6. Evidence or reasoning that backs up a claim.
- 7. A specific instance used to illustrate a general idea.
- 9. ___ bias. The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered.
- 10. The appearance of being reasonable or probable.
- 11. The capacity to recognize truth or falsehood in a claim.
- 16. Appeal to ___. A fallacy that claims something is true because an authority figure says it, without other evidence.
- 18. ___ bias. A systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment in thinking.
- 20. Misrepresenting opponents’ arguments in order to respond to them more easily.
- 22. Rejecting criticisms on the grounds that opponents or other people are guilty of the same or equally objectionable conduct.
- 23. The perceived character or trustworthiness of a person.
- 25. Denying the possibility of moderate opinions or actions in order to claim that anyone who rejects one extreme must accept its opposite.
- 27. A short personal story used as evidence.
- 28. Appeal to ___. A fallacy that argues a claim is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa.
- 29. Choosing only certain evidence while ignoring contradictory information.
- 31. Criticising opponents personally instead of responding to their arguments.
- 32. The final claim reached through reasoning.
- 35. A ___ fallacy is where someone claims an idea or belief is true or good simply because a large number of people already believe it or are doing it.
- 37. A comparison between two things to show similarity in certain aspects.