Across
- 2. one founder of the Standard Oil Company. After earning a small fortune in the wholesale food businesses, he entered the growing oil refining industry in 1863. He used vertical integration to make his company more competitive.
- 9. exclusive economic control of an industry
- 10. exclusive right to manufacture or sell an invention
- 11. theory adapted by philosopher Herbert Spencer from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution; argued that society progresses through completion, with the fittest rising to positions of wealth and power.
- 13. belief that the economy will prosper if businesses are left free from government regulation and allowed to compete in a free market.
- 15. was another pioneer of communications technology. His first major invention was a telegraph that could send up to four messages over the same wire simultaneously. He and his fellow researchers made significant discoveries and advances in electricity, lightbulbs, phonographs, and early motion pictures.
- 19. ownership of several companies that make the same product
- 21. political theory that proposes that all people should collectively own property as the means of production and that individual ownership should not be allowed.
- 23. arrangement grouping several companies under a single board of directors to eliminate competition.
- 25. patented the telephone in March 1876
- 26. efficient method of making steel; developed by British inventor Henry Bessemer and American inventor William Kelly in the 1850s.
Down
- 1. railroad that crossed the continental United States; completed in 1869
- 3. incident in which a bomb exploded during a labor protest held in Haymarket Square in Chicago, killing several police officers.
- 4. Union founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers for skilled workers
- 5. economic system in which private business runs most industries, and competition determines how much goods cost and workers are paid.
- 6. played a prominent role in the union and became an organizer for the Knights of Labor in the 1870s. Her ambitious drive to educate and organize laborers was so effective that some her opponents called her "the most dangerous woman in America." She was also known as Mother Jones.
- 7. Law prohibiting monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
- 8. head of the American Railway Union (ARU), he supported the Pullman strikers.
- 12. company sells shares of ownership called stock to investors in order to raise money
- 14. ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process
- 16. an Irish Catholic machinist and the mayor of Scranton, Pennsylvania, became leader of the Knights of Labor. Under his leadership, membership was expanded rapidly.
- 17. machine patented by Samuel Morse in 1837; sent messages over long distances by using electric current to transmit a system of dots and dashes over wire
- 18. a pioneer of the railroad industry. By 1869, he had gained control over the New York Central Railroad and two other lines that connected the Central with New York City. He also controlled lines between Chicago, Cleveland, New York and Toledo. At the time of his death in 1877, he controlled more than 4,500 miles of railroad track. His personal fortune was estimated at $100 million.
- 20. one of the first national labor unions in the United States, organized in 1869, after 1879 it included workers of different races, genders, and skills
- 22. Year of intense worker strikes and violent labor confrontations in the united States.
- 24. Entered the iron and steel business in the early 1860s. A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. His company dominated the steel industry. In 1902, he sold his company to J.P. Morgan for nearly $500 million. He retired the world's richest man. He donated more than $350 million to charity