American Yawp Chapter 1

1. A Spanish labor system granting land and Indigenous laborers to a person.
4. A ceremonial feast and gift-giving event practiced by Pacific Northwest Indigenous peoples.
6. A land bridge that connected Asia and North America during the last ice age.
7. The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.
10. An Incan method of recording information through knotted strings.
13. The night in 1520 when Cortés and his men suffered losses during their retreat from Tenochtitlan.
15. A Spanish labor system intended to replace the encomienda, often equally exploitative.
16. A circular room used for ceremonial purposes by Puebloan peoples.

2. A small, fast, and maneuverable ship developed by the Portuguese for ocean exploration.
3. A major pre-Columbian city near present-day St. Louis, known for its large earth mounds.
5. A social hierarchy based on race and ancestry in Spanish colonial societies.
8. An instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial bodies for navigation.
9. The three main agricultural crops – corn, beans, and squash – cultivated by Native Americans.
11. Artificial islands built by the Aztec by dredging mud from lake bottoms.
12. A system in which kinship and descent are traced through the female line.
14. A person of mixed Spanish and Indigenous heritage.